Academic Challenge

Lactose chemical formula

C12H22O11

Maltose chemical formula

C12H22O11

Galactose chemical formula

C6H12O6

Glucose chemical formula

C6H12O6

sucrose chemical formula

C12H22O11

fructose chemical formula

C6H12O6

Testa

thick outer layer of a seed coat

tegman

thin inner layer of a seed coat

Micropyle

Small opening in a seed coat

funiculus

the seed stalk where the seed is connected to the fruit body

hilum

the region where the seed breaks off from the fruit

raphe

the base of the funiculus that is attached to the integument

endosperm

food-rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows

Non-endospermic seed

pea plant, beans, gram, ground nut

endospermic seed

corn, wheat, coconut, barley

epicotyl

Part of the embryo in a seed that becomes the upper part of the stem and leaves

plumule

the part of a plant embryo that will, when mature, become the leaves

hypocotyl

Part of the developing embryo that will become the lower part of the stem and roots

radicle

the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root

cotyledon

first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

entropy

A measure of disorder

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

carbon dioxide fixation

The transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds

calvin cycle

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

photosystems

light-collecting units of the chloroplast

C3 pathway

Also known as the Calvin cycle, it is the light independent step of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is used to produce sugars.

protostomes

Animals with mouths that develop from or near the blastopore

blastopore

the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.

spiral cleavage

planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo

radial cleavage

cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo

determinant cleavage

Cleavage that results in cells whose future differentiation pathways are determined at an early developmental stage

indeterminant cleavage

each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

protostomes examples

mollusks, annelids, arthropods

dueterostomes examples

vertebrates, sea stars

erythrocytes

red blood cells, carry oxygen

hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

phloem

The vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants

xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

bundle sheaths

cells surrounding the xylem/phloem for strength and support

meristem

Undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells are formed

turner syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

hemophilia

An X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured.

Huntington's disease

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

Marfan Syndrome

autosomal dominant; pleiotropic; tall, weak heart

edwards syndrome

Trisomy 18

codominance

A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

Codominance example

AB blood type

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

incomplete dominance example

red flower + white flower \= pink flower

pleiotrophy

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.

pleiotrophy example

multiple symptoms associated with certain hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis & sickle cell.

epistasis

A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.

epistasis example

mice black coat BB is dominant to brown bb, but another allele Cc determines whether the color in the mouse is deposited; CC or Cc -\> yes, cc -\> no color

multiple alleles

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

spliceosome

complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript

operator

Region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions.

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA.

Polyadenylation

addition of a short sequence or a tail of adenine (poly A-tail) nucleotides to the 3' end of an mRNA molecule. happens during RNA spilcing in eukaryotes.

RNA polymerase

Enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.

stigma

top part of the pistil

style

The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.

ovary

In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop.

carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

corolla

collection of petals

sepal

A leaflike structure that encloses the bud of a flower.

perianth

calyx + corolla

calyx

all the sepals

dalton

A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu.

paleozoic era

before dinosaurs, includes Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian

Phanerozoic Eon

The most recent eon, an interval of time from 542 Ma to the present.

Mezozoic Era

dinosaurs, includes triassic, jurassic and cretaceous

Cenozoic Era

era that began about 66 million years ago, known as the "Age of Mammals"

temperate phages

phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles

phages

viruses that infect bacteria

lytic phages

cause a host cell's death (lysis)

rectus femoris

quadricep muscle

Semitendinosus

hamstring

Semimembranosus

hamstring

amino group

NH2

sulfhydryl group

-SH

hydroxl group

OH-

carboxyl group

COOH

carbonyl group

C\=O

phosphate group

PO4

methyl group

CH3

CAM plant

A plant that uses an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions in which carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.

CAM plant examples

Cactus & pineapples, orchids, agave

Klinefelter syndrome

XXY

patau syndrome

Trisomy 13

Aneuploidy

Abnormal number of chromosomes.

gastropoda

snails and slugs

parapodia

Paddlelike appendages that assist aquatic annelids in locomotion.

liverwort

the most primitive group of non-vascular plants

chitin

Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

trifoliate vine

poison ivy

virginia creeper

5 leaf vine

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution