PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES AND PROCESSES

What is an upland?

a landscape that is high above sea level. Upland areas are hilly and sometimes mountainous

What factors effect regional upland landscapes?

geology

types of vegetation

history of settlement and farming that have affect land use

natural process in the past (erosion by ice, or river erosion)

What is rural diversification?

• the development of new businesses in the countryside

• these new business are often in leisure or tourism rather than in farming

What is carrying capacity?

• the number of people that a landscape can support before any lasting damage is done

Where is carrying capacity likely to be exceeded?

• honey pot sites

Case study of exceeding carrying capacity of a honey pot site?

• studland bay

Positive impacts of human activity in Studland Bay?

• money from tourism into local economy

• decreased unemployment

Negative impacts of human activity in Studland Bay?

• seasonal jobs

• increased demand for food in summer

• noise pollution

• air pollution

• erosion of landscape

• footpath erosion

What makes Studland Bay distinctive?

• activities such as water sports, horse riding

• land used for car parks

• lots of variety in vegetation and wildlife

• 6 species of Reptile

What management strategies are implemented in Studland Bay?

• zoning

• BBQ safe zones

• Keeping the beach clean

• Boardwalks

• Roping and replanting

Give examples of implementations of zoning in Studland Bay?

• kite surfing zones

• no boating/safe swimming zones

• restricted beach housing

• horse riding zones by time

Why are BBQ safe zones implemented in Studland Bay?

• to prevent fires

Why are roping and replanting strategies implemented in Studland Bay?

• to prevent people from eroding the dunes

Why are boardwalks implemented in Studland Bay?

• wood walkways to reduce pathway erosion

• not cheap

• slippery in wet weather

• reduces foot traffic

How are rural areas in the UK changing?

• increase in second home owners

• a decline in services

• rural depopulation in remote rural areas

• loss of job opportunities

• ageing populations

What are the different transport processes of river sediment?

• solution

• suspension

• saltation

• traction

What is solution? (transport)

• transports soluble minerals as they are dissolved in the water and carried along in the flow

• occurs in any flow conditions

What is suspension?

• tiny particles are carried long distances in the flowing water

• occurs in all but the slowest flowing rivers

What is saltation?

• when sediment, sand and small gravels, bounces and skips along the river bed

• occurs in more energetic rivers with higher velocities

What is traction?

the rolling of the bed load along the river bed of larger pieces of sediment

• only common in high energy river channels or during flood events

What are the different erosional processes in rivers?

• hydraulic action

• abrasion

• attrition

• solution

What is hydraulic action?

when water crashes into the gaps in the soil and rock, compressing the air and forcing particles apart

What is abrasion?

• when flowing water picks up rocks from the bed causing them to smash against the river banks

What is attrition?

• when rocks carries by the river smash into each other, so they wear down into small and more rounded particles

What is solution (erosion) / corrosion?

• when water dissolves minerals

• also known as corrosion

What is the load?

• the material that is transported down a river.

• Load can be silt, sand, pebbles or boulders

How does the gradient of a river changes from source to mouth?

high to low

How does the depth of a river changes from source to mouth?

• increases downstream

• more water accumulates from tributaries further down, so the river is higher energy, so more erosion, so river grows in depth

How does the width of a river changes from source to mouth?

• increases downstream

• more water accumulated from tributaries

• more energy

• more erosive power

• so river grows

How does energy change in the different courses of the river?

• high potential energy at the upper course, as more GPE

• rocks become smoother in the middle course, so there is less friction generated

• river becomes deeper and wider in lower course, increasing the energy and speed of the river

What is a drainage basin?

an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

What is the source of a river?

The start

What is the mouth of a river?

Where the river meets the sea

What are tributaries?

the streams and smaller rivers that feed into a main river

What is the discharge of a river?

Volume of water that moves through a section of the river in a given amount of time

What features of a river increase downstream?

• discharge

• occupied channel width

• average velocity

• load quantity

What features of a river decrease downstream?

• load particle size

• channel bed roughness

• slope angle / gradient

How does the cross section of a river change throughout its course?

V -> U -> __

What processes occur at the upper course of a river?

• corrasion

-corrosion

• hydraulic action

• attrition

What processes occur at the middle course of a river?

• saltation

• suspension

• corrosion

• traction

What processes occur at the lower course of a river?

• erosion

• deposition

What is corrasion?

• the sand and gravel carries by the river eroding the bed and banks of the river