EIPA WRITTEN TEST

The early detection of hearing loss is critical because

it allows deaf and hard of hearing students to develop language that is more age-appropriate when compared with their hearing peers.

T/F The majority of deaf and hard of hearing students are born to hearing families who may not provide them access to a fluent language early in development.

T

From age 6 to 11 what two things happen?

1. students develop notions about their ability to achieve (industry vs. inferiority)
2. students develop the capacity to work and cooperate with others

How does inferiority develop?

negative experiences at home, at school, or with peers lead to feelings of incompetence.

T/F As a student matures, interpreters should increase the amount of support they provide.

F

What period is important to identity formation?

The period of adolescence

Why do young people experience identity confusion and may be unprepared for the challenges of adulthood?

weak sense of trust, autonomy, or initiative

T/F The interpreter should respond the same way to a student's attentiveness (why)

F An Interpreter should consider the student's level of maturity.

T/F It is more important to have high skill for older children (why?)

F interpreters with better skills are needed with younger students who are still developing language skills and are less capable of repairing an interpreter's errors

How should an interpreter understand the student's level of functioning?

interpreters should review a student's IEP with other members of the team

T/F Students do not bond with interpreters

F They do but the interpreter needs professional boundaries

T/F The gender of the interpreter does not matter

F

Why would peers view a student to be socially awkward?

The student does not have age-appropriate pragmatic skills

social and cognitive development throughout the school years is gained through...

Peer relationships

What is cognitive development mean?

the student's understanding of concepts and the ability to think and reason

T/F Students who are deaf or hard of hearing have the same capability for cognitive development as do students with normal hearing

T

A skilled educational interpreter must not only understand the concept of cognitive development but also must...

be able to handle the complex task of using language to communicate concepts that are new, abstract or difficult

What helps students develop cognitive skills?

The ability to interact with others while using language (including socialization, play)

Which approach assumes that cognitive development is independent from language development?

A Piagetian approach to cognitive development

Information enters the mind to stimulate cognitive development through the perception of... (4 things)

sound, visual information, speech, and touch

Cultural background affects cognition by helping to define... (4 things)

what we know, what is important, how we approach new tasks, how we interact

T/F Teacher's questions can require different levels of abstraction in terms of cognitive skills.

T

What are level of abstraction in terms of cognitive skills? (6 things)

Taxonomy: Demonstration of knowledge; Comprehension; Application; Analysis; Synthesis; Evaluation

What may help a student organize the text cognitively?

Organizing a text spatially

What does cognitive organization do?

helps students store and remember concepts

Providing students with repetition allows them to see... (4 things)

patterns, parallels, comparisons, and similarities (all which help them learn!)

T/f In terms of cognitive development, students learn when there is a conflict between what they think and new information that they receive

T

What does a student do when conflict between what they think and new information that they receive?

They learn and accommodate, or modify a cognitive scheme, based on the new information

What is a cognitive scheme?

cognitive structure that organizes information, making sense of experience. Students develop schemes in many different domains: motor, language, thinking, social, etc.

How are cognitive schemes developed?

on previous experiences

How do students interpret the world and experiences?

cognitive schemes

What is contextualization?

breaking down concepts

T/F A student's ability to repeat a concept means the student understands it.

F Students can memorize language without understanding what it really means

T/F Understanding a concept and being able to talk about a concept are not the same

T Being able to talk about a concept often helps a student understand it

The goal of education is for students to...

acquire thinking skills, not to just memorize facts

How are students are like little scientists?

trying to explore and figure out how the world works based on what they see, do, and hear

T/F Students learn a great deal from exploration, making mistakes, and self-correction

T

Behavioral approaches to learning propose that positive behavior can be increased by the use (negative/positive) re-enforcers

positive

How can negative behavior can be decreased?

the use of punishment or withdrawal of privileges

What does strict behaviorism does not recognize?

the active cognitive construction on the part of the student

The interpreter needs to know the student's... (4)

language skills both expressively and receptively, the student's cognitive potential, and the educational goals as outlined in the student's IEP

Who should conduct a language evaluation?

professional who has training specific to language and students who are deaf or hard of hearing

What stimulates cognitive development?

Language!

T/F Language development in ASL parallels the development of spoken languages

T

What impacts a student's ability to learn new concepts? (3)

A student's language level, his world knowledge, and vocabulary skills

Why do DHH students have language delays?

Environmental limitations for language access

How is academic language different than conversational language?

Academic language is generally more complex in terms of vocabulary and syntax. It provides students with fewer contexts to understand the topic. It has less turn taking with longer monologues

Deaf students are learning language while learning concepts in school. How do interpreters accommodate this?

an interpreter may need to include an explanation of a concept in the interpretation in order to facilitate learning

T/F communicating concepts that are easy, or used often, are different than concepts that are new, abstract, or difficult

T

What happens when young students make errors? What should adults do?

They continually do the error since it often goes unnoticed. Adults should model proper language and not expect an immediate fix

Gesture is useful in communication and used with adults and children. Is gesture linguistic?

No

When do students begin to produce their first words?

around 1 year

When do students begin to combine two words or signs into a sentence?

around 2 years

When do students begin to produce complex language?

around 3 years

When are hearing students able to use English morphology correctly most of the time?

around 3-4 years

When are deaf students learning ASL from their deaf families are able to use verb agreement correctly much of the time?

around 3-4 years

T/F During the early elementary years, students are still learning to use language

T

What is decontextualized language?

Language that refers to people and events that are not in the here and now

What is the first form of dexontextualized language?

The ability to talk about past events is one of the earliest forms of decontextualized language

In early language development children talk about...

the here and now

How do young students use prosody in languages?

to help determine how to segment language at the word and sentence level. Prosody also communicates a great deal of information about the speaker's intention, which may particularly benefit students in the process of learning language

When do language demands increase in textbooks?

3rd grade (remember Kenzye's book?) Students who were able to read first and second grade textbooks may experience more difficulty at this level

How do classifier use develop?

Slowly, children continuously make errors until around 8 or 9

T/F Making mistakes while learning language is abnormal

F hearing students mispronounce words and DHH misproduce signs

How does a teacher's understanding of student's knowledge affect their learning?

Students learn best when a teacher understands what they know and what they don't know.

T/F Deaf and hard of hearing students who have ASL as their first language typically learn English from fingerspelling

F learn from reading

t/f Hearing and DHH students do not need to explicitly be taught language

F Hearing students do not need to be taught language except in special circumstances. However, deaf and hard of hearing students may need specific and explicit instruction in learning English

How do students learn new words?

Multiple exposures to the word- NOT from just the definition

T/F Learning sign language will interfere with a student's ability to learn speech

F

How do students learn linguistic rules?

By internalizing it, using it, and then metalingustic instruction. Deaf students often do not get this explicit metalinguistic ASL instruction

Do students correct peers language? How does this affect development?

No. It gives children a chance to be less inhibited with language use (when adults are not around)

Does having an adult present during peer to peer interactions affect the interaction?

Yes because the pragmatics of interacting with your peers is different than the pragmatics of interacting with adults

What affects our language, especially in terms of the rules of interaction, how much we may talk with other students and adults, and what we believe is the role of communication in our daily lives?

Our cultural background

Why is the early detection of hearing loss is critical?

it allows deaf and hard of hearing students to develop language that is more age appropriate when compared with their hearing peers

T/F The majority of deaf and hard of hearing students are born to hearing families who will provide them access to a fluent language early in development

F duhhhh

How can interpreting change when the students has a cochlear implant?

It may mean student is receiving some of the teacher's spoken message as well as the interpreted message

T/F Students who had a hearing loss before learning language are the same as students who learned speech and language and then experienced a hearing loss

F

What causes most DHH students to be delayed in language development?

Environmental factors

A student's language use at home and the language use at school may differ- how does this affect the student?

This may affect the student's classroom performance and his ability to see connections between home and school

Why would peers view a student as socially awkward?

If a student does not have age-appropriate pragmatic skills

What are sign systems? Does the adult Deaf community use them?

Sign systems designed to represent English were developed by educators and are not naturally developed languages- No

What happens when interpreters "invent" signs?

they makes the student's linguistic system unique from that of other peers, interpreters, and deaf adults. In addition, this may offend and alienate the deaf community

Does iconicity make sign language easier to learn?

No

Why are sign systems used?

Educators who use sign systems believe that exposure to visual English will facilitate English development, although this has not been proven to be the result for all deaf or hard of hearing students. They also believe that English signing is easier for hearing people to learn

What is IDEA?

is a federal law that protects the rights of students with disabilities. IDEA mandates that all students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate education

How can schools make sure an interpreter is qualified?

EIPA written and expressive

What is an IEP?

a legal document detailing each student's developmental program- Individual Education Plan

Who develops the IEP?

The student's educational team, including a qualified interpreter- also includes the student's family, the general classroom teacher, a speech-language pathologist, the audiologist, an administrator, a deaf educator, and the student when appropriate

Is the interpreter an essential member of the IEP team?

Yes-He or she must help to ensure that language and communication needs of the student are met, including opportunities for direct communication and instruction in the student's identified language and communication mode.

What additional services may be on an IEP?

occupational or physical therapy, counseling, note-taking, tutoring, training in the use of assistive technology and help learning to work with an interpreter

What does LRE mean?

Least Restrictive Environment- it allows students to be educated in the most appropriate environment for that student

Will the LRE for all DHH students be the same?

No it may differ depending on the student's skills and abilities, as well as the availability of opportunities for interacting with other students

How often does IDEA require IEPs to be reviewed?

annually

DHH students must have \____ done annually for their IEP

comprehensive communication assessment. Assessments must be conducted in the student's native language and desired mode of communication

T/F Classroom curriculum will be the same for DHH students as hearing students

F Some students need modifications. The educational interpreter should work with the IEP team to understand the modifications that are being made

What does an interpreter do when interpreting for multiple DHH students?

Use the context of the educational team and may include strategies from experienced educational interpreters from outside the immediate team

Interpreters should work with \____________ to understand the student's current level of functioning and how this should guide their interpreting

the IEP team

T/F direct interpretation of classroom content is always used in educational interpreting

F a decision may be made to modify interpreting in order to support a student's learning

How do school districts typically try to resolve conflicts with families? What happens if there is no resolution?

Keeping it in district and having the aid of the educational team. They can request an independent review by a hearing

Who should understand the roles and responsibilities of the interpreter, and how to interact within the interpreted classroom?

All the members within a classroom, teachers and students