Vertebrate Zoology Exam 1

vertebrates

"animals with backbones"

backbone

\= vertebral column surrounding a spinal cord

5 general groups of vertebrates

Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

lower vertebrate \=

"primitive" vertebrate

higher vertebrate \=

"advanced" vertebrate

T/F: vertebrates are members of the phylum vertebra

false, phylum chordata

4 basic chordate characteristics

1- notochord
2- dorsal nerve chord
3- pharyngial gill slits
4- post anal tail

T/F: the vertebrae in humans are homologous as notochord

F

chordate refers to

notochord

notochord is a

rod like structure

notochord consists of

semi rigid group of cells surrounded by fibrous and elastic sheaths

notochord acts on \__ axis

rigid

benefit of rigid notochord axis

allows undulating body movements (side to side movement)

notochord lies _ to the dorsal nerve chord

ventral

notochord lies ventral to the _

dorsal nerve chord

notochord is present during \__ in all vertebrates

embryonic development

\__ is considered the most primitive living vertebrate

hagfish

a hagfish keeps its notochord for how long

forever

vertebral column forms from

connective tissue that surrounds notochord

notochord presence in humans

small portions are found in the vertebral column

dorsal nerve chord forms \__ to the notochord

dorsal

dorsal nerve chord is __

tubular

the \__ of the dorsal nerve cord becomes the brain

anterior

the anterior of the dorsal nerve cord becomes the

brain

the posterior of the dorsal nerve cord becomes the

spinal cord

the _ of the dorsal nerve cord becomes the spinal cord

posterior

dorsal nerve cord is normally protected by

bone or cartilage

pharyngeal refers to

pharynx

pharynx is

area behind the mouth cavity

gill slits used for

respiration in lower vertebrates

gills and blood vessels are attached to

margins of slits

gill pouches form in \___

embryos

gill pouches do or do not open up

do not

post anal tail being long helps with

moving

4 characteristics common to chordates

1- segmented muscle mass
2- endoskeleton of cartilage or bone
3- bilateral system
4- closed circulatory system

hagfish skeleton

fibrous and cartilaginous - no bone

hagfish jaws

none

hagfish paired appendages

none

hagfish brain

poorly developed

hagfish reproductive system

poorly developed

humans are complete \__ of hagfish

opposite

aquatic environments are

marine, freshwater, and brackish

brackish

combination of freshwater and salt water

many fish migrate from _ to _

marine to freshwater

gonochoristic

animals with two separate sexes

T/F: most vertebrates are gonochoristic

T

hermaphroditic

Simultaneously possessing both male and female reproductive organs

unisexual vertebrates

egg develops into female without fertilization

oldest vertebrate fossils are ~ how old

500 million years

paleozoic era

old animals

typical age of earth

4.5B years

only vertebrates or invertebrates found in fossil record?

aquatic invertebrates

T/F: the meteore that hit the earth and caused extinction of dinosaurs is cambrian explosion

F

T/F: the first vertebrates found in the fossil record were jawless fishes

T

devonian is considered the age of

fishes

mezozoic era is the age of

reptiles

first bird in fossil record

Archaeopteryx

mammals show up at the time of

dinosaurs- start of mesozoic

cenzoic era is age of

mammals

Linnaeus said that animals were

fixed, did not change

first scientist to popularize the concept that organisms could change over time

lamarck

lamark theory major 2 points

-animals lose characteristics that aren't needed and gain what's needed
-animals can acquire changes that are passed onto offspring

lamark theory name

theory of inherited acquired characteristics

said that changes can occur in both directions

darwin

said that changes were always in one direction and for the better to progress to higher form

lamarkc

darwin's professor recommended him to ride the

HMS beagle

who rode the HMS beagle

darwin

lyell wrote

principles of geology

considered the father of modern geology

lyell

galapagos was \____ west of equador

600 miles

galapagos were how old

1-4 million years

2 unique things about galapagos

young and isolated

independently came up with evolution by natural selection

wallace

darwin's theory about static

species is not static, organisms can change over time and generations

darwin's theory about change

gradual and continuous

puncuated equilibrium

eldgredge and gould

darwin proposed concept of

common descent

proposed survival of the fittest

darwin

malthus wrote what

essay on the principle of population

darwin natural selection

nature selects people for certain characteristics that may be of advantage in a given environment

darwin's thoughts on environment role

environment may dictate which organisms are more fit and which traits are passed on to future generations

thomas henry huxley

darwin's bulldog

evolution

changes that occur in the genetic composition of a species over time

evolution said change can be

beneficial, neutral, or deleterious

fitness is

ability to survive and successfully reproduce

selective forces in natural selection

in the environment act to favor individuals with certain characteristics

artificial or human selection revealed

species can change over generations and certain traits can be selected

evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria revealed

evolution and natural selection of bacteria

T/F: most animals that die form fossils

F

fossils are or are not rare

are

general indication from fossil record

many species have gone extinct

some fossils appear to represent

transitional forms

homologous

similar structures in different species, have same embryonic origin

ex of comparitive physiology homolgous chromosoms

steroid hormones in some vertebrates are similar or identical to others

neo darwinism

combo of darwin evolution and mendel genetics

darwin's book in 1859

origin of species by the means of natural selection

modern definition of a species

genetically distinct group of organisms which is also genetically isolated from other groups

allopatric speciation

due to geographic isolation

galapagos tortoise is an example

allopatric speciation

sympatric speciation

speciation occurring in the same location