CHAPTER 21 - IMMUNE SYSTEM

What are the lymphatic system's main functions?

Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery

What is the function of a lacteal?

To absorb lipids from digested food

Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?

lymphatic vessel

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called___________

lymph

Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.

cartilage and bone

Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?

Lymphatic system

True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

False

The specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestines are the

lacteals

Which component of the lymphatic system consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes within many organs of the body?

Lymphatic tissues

Choose all the tissues that lack lymphatic vessels.

-Bone marrow

-Cartilage

-Cornea

Where is lymph found?

In lymphatic vessels

Choose all that are features of lymphatic vessels.

-Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall

-Valves are present

-A tunica interna is present

Which describes lymphatic capillaries?

Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells

Where are lymphatic vessels found?

In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______.

lymphocytes

What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form?

Lymphatic trunks

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?

veins

The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.

valves

The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting_______

duct

Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic

capillaries

The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.

right and thoracic

Which collecting duct receives the least amount of lymph?

Right lymphatic duct

How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?

11

True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.

False

What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?

collecting ducts

Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?

Right lymphatic duct

Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.

1) Blood capillaries (blood)

2) Interstitial spaces (insterstitial fluid)

3) Lymphatic capillaries (lymph)

4) Lymphatic vessels (lymph)

5) Lymphatic ducts (lymph)

6) Subclavian veins (blood)

The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks?

-Lumbar

-Intestinal

Choose all the factors that cause or contribute to the flow of lymph.

-The respiratory pump

-The skeletal muscle pump

-Valves

The_______ killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.

natural

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?

When it enters the lymphatic capillaries

Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?

T cells

Choose all that natural killer cells attack.

-Transplanted tissues

-Virus infected host cells

-Bacteria

-Cancerous cells

A cell that produces antibodies is called a(n)______ cell.

plasma

The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.

thymus

The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the ______.

B cell

Cells derived from monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called_____

macrophages

Choose all the cells that function as antigen presenting cells.

-Dendritic cells

-Macrophages

B cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the ______bone marrow.

red

Which cells are highly branched APCs found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic tissues?

Dendritic cells

Which cells produce the stroma of lymphatic organs?

Reticular cells

What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?

Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.

antigen presenting

Dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ______.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The branched_____ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus.

reticular

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?

Lymphatic organs

What does MALT stand for?

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.

secondary

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

False

Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?

Red bone marrow

Which bone marrow is mainly adipose tissue?

yellow

Choose all body system the thymus is considered part of.

-Lymphatic system

-Endocrine system

-Immune system

A typical adult has about how many lymph nodes?

450

Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?

Germinal center

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

Red bone marrow

Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.

afferent, efferent

The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the ______.

thymus

A small organ found along the course of a lymphatic vessel that filters the lymph and functions as an activation site for B and T cells is called a lymph____

node

Which area of the spleen is penetrated by the splenic artery and vein?

Hilum

Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node.

cortex

An area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs is called a(n) ____center.

germinal

Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order from top to bottom.

1) Afferent lymphatic vessel

2) Subcapsular sinus of the cortex

3) Sinuses of cortex and medulla

4) Efferent lymphatic vessel

What are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens called?

Tonsils

The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the_____

spleen

The____pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens.

white

Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?

Red pulp

Sinuses filled with concentrated erythrocytes make up the ______ pulp of the spleen.

red

What are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens called?

tonsils

Which is true of cartilage and the cornea regarding lymphatic vessels?

They lack lymphatic vessels.

Natural killer cells belong to which group of cells?

Lymphocytes

What are three functions of the lymphatic system?

Absorption of lipids

Distribution of gases and nutrients

Cholesterol synthesis

Absorption of amino acids

Immunity

Vitamin D synthesis

Fluid recovery from tissues

Immunity
Absorption of lipids
Fluid recovery from tissues

What type of cells are macrophages?

Phagocytic

Which lymphatic structure is indicated by the arrow in the figure?

Right lymphatic duct

T lymphocytes mature in the organ called the

thymus

Which cell produces antibodies?

Plasma cell

Match each letter with its anatomical name in the picture of the lymph node.

A. Afferent lymphatic vessel
B. Efferent lymphatic vessel
C. Germinal center
D. Lymphatic nodule

What occurs in germinal centers of lymph nodes?

B cells multiply and become plasma cells.

Hemopoiesis occurs in the ____ bone marrow

red

A lymph node has _____ afferent vessels associated with it than efferent vessels.

more

The bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum is the

thymus

The palatine tonsil is represented by the letter _____ in the figure.

B

What are functions of lymph nodes?

Filtration of lymph

Filtration of blood

Site of B and T cell activation

Site of B and T cell development

Filtration of lymph
Site of B and T cell activation

What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?

Spleen

The germinal center is represented in the figure by which letter?

C

Organisms that cause disease, such as bacteria or fungi, are considered

pathogens

Which lymphatic vessels carry lymph into a lymph node?

Afferent

Which line of defense consists of external barriers?

First

Match each letter in the figure to its correct tonsil.

A - Pharyngeal tonsil

B - Palatine tonsil

C- Lingual tonsil

What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?

Keratin

Bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens.

True

Which are granulocytes with a multi-lobed nucleus that destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals?

Neutrophils

When a neutrophil discharges its enzymes into the tissue fluid, they are said to

degranulate

Skin belongs to the body's which line of defense?

First

Which leukocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity?

Lymphocytes

Monocytes are which type of cell?

Leukocyte

Choose all the features of skin that offer immunoprotection.

The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment

The presence of complement

The presence of lactic acid

The presence of interferons

The presence of defensins

1) continuous barrier to the external environment
2) presence of lactic acid
3) presence of defensins

Interferons and complement are examples of which of the following?

Antimicrobial proteins

Which describes a neutrophil?

Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules

Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?

Complement

Choose all of the following that the respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to.

Histamine

Superoxide anion

Hypochlorite

Hydrogen peroxide

Heparin

-produce hydrogen peroxide
-Produce superoxide anion

-Hypochlorite