104 1st LE

Artemisinin annua L. (Asteraceae)

common name: sweet wormwood

drug: artemisinin

purpose: antimalaria

taxus brevifolia nutt.

common name: pacific yew

drug: paclitaxel

purpose: anticancer

AB PFP CA

seven kingdom classification

azobacter

rhizobium

nitrosomonas

Nitrogen-fixing organisms

1. Antibiotics
2. Affecting biochemical reactions
3. Genetic engineering
4. Nitrogen cycle
5. Sewage purification
6. Retting of fibers

purpose of bacterial sources

bacterial sources

these are agents in deterioration of crude drugs and medicaments

*Chrysophyta* or diatoms

*Phaeophyta or* brown algae

Rhodophyta or red algae

the 3 phyla of chromists

Discales

Pennatales

orders of diatoms

Actinodiscaceae

families under Discales

Fragilariaceae

Naviculariaceae

families under Pennatales

Arachnoidiscus

example of the family Actinodiscaceae is?

japanese agar

*Arachnoidiscus* is found in

fossil deposits of diatomite

other sources of Actinodiscaceae

kieselguhr

other term for diatomite

filter aid and silica gel

purpose of diatomite

Laminariales

Fucales

orders of *Phaeophyta*

diatomite

families under Pennatales occur in/can be found in ..?

Lamniariaceae

families under Laminariales

brown algae

kelp

Lamniariaceae other names

alginic acid, mannitol and iodine

*Laminaria*‘s purpose in manufactring

Laminaries and Fucaceae

sources of alginic acid in bacteria

different chlorophyll

difference of brown algae and other chromists

*Fucus*

*Pelvetia*

Examples of the Fucaceae

Sargassum

families under Sargassaceae

water-soluble extracts

type of extract produced using *F. vesiculosus*

inhibit the activity of the HIV reverse-transcriptase enzyme

what does *F. vesiculosus* do?

Gelidiales

Gigartinales

orders under *Rhodophyta*

*Gelidiaceae*

families under Gelidiales

pigment phycoerythrin

pigment phycocyanin

plastids of *Gelidiaceae* contain this

phycoerythrin

usually in sufficient quantity in Gelidiaceae to mask the other pigments

phycocyanin

blue pigment in Gelidiaceae

agars

genera in Gelidiaceae are used in preparation of

*Phaeophyta*

phyla used in preparation of agars

Gracilaria

source or agar bought in market

*Chondrus crispus*

*Gigartina stellata*

species under Gigartinaceae

carrageenan

Chondrus crispus is a source of ?

British agar

Gigartina stellata is a source of?

mushroom

yeast

mold

classification of fungi based on protein bodies

Phycomycetes

Ascomycetes

Basidiomycetes

Fungi Imperfecti

classes of fungi

Mucorales

orders of Phycomycetes

Mucorales

what family of fungi causes potato blight

Phytophthanora infestans

what species of fungi causes potato blight

mold has hyphae

yeast has no hairlike projections

mushroom has most prominent protein bodies

differentiate the classification of fungi based on fruiting body

mold

what classification of fungi based on fruiting body does mucorales fall under?

Mucoraceae

Families under Mucorales

Mucor

Rhizopus

genus under Mucorales

badly stored food products

Mucor and Rhizopus are associated with

saccharification of starchy material

producing D-lactic acid from glucose

conversion of steroids

Rhizopus species are used industrially for the

maltose or dextrose

Saccharification makes ?

Protoascales

Plectascales

Sphaeriales

Clavicipitales

orders of Ascomycetes

PS PA SH CC

Corresponding order and families of Ascomycetes

yeast

what classification of fungi based on fruiting body does Saccharomycetaceae fall under?

dried yeast and baker’s yeast

S. cerevisiae is a source of ?

leavening effect

S. cerevisiae causes what effect in bread

carbon dioxide as a byproduct of S. cerevisiae fermentation with oxygen

principle behind leavening effect

Cryptococcaceae

related family to Saccharomycetaceae is?

torula yeast

Candida utilis produces

proteins and vitamins

torula yeas is rich in

Candida utilis

species under Cryptococcaceae

candidiasis

fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus) called Candida

food production

use of Protoascales

molds

Aspergillaceae is a family of ?

penicillin

griseofulvin

mycophenolic acid

penicillium is a source of ?

Amoxicillin

it is a semi-synthetic derivative but its starting material is obtained or extracted from the Penicillium species

P. islandicum

it forms emodin

emodin

 is a chemical compound of the anthraquinone family used as a natural anti-cancer agent for the treatment of various cancers 

Aspergillus oryzae

used in manufacture of soy sauce

A. flavus

Produces the causative agent of the allergic reaction of some people to stale peanuts

aflatoxin

produced by A. flavus

Penicillium and Streptomyces

medicinally important genera of molds are

Hypocreaceae

families under sphaeriales

Clavicipataceae

families under Claviciptales

Claviceps

genus under Clavicipataceae

Claviceps

It is not a mold, a yeast or a mushroom but it is certain that it is a fungi

Rye

claviceps usually grows on?

Claviceps purpurea

ergot aka?

ergot

Claviceps purpurea aka

rye and ants

Ergot grows on ?

Cordyceps

fungus that parasitizes the brains of insects like ants or spiders.

C. sinensis

used as chinese medicine that is part of the order clavicipitales

Corresponding order and families of Basidiomycetes

Corresponding order and families of Basidiomycetes

Polyporinales

this order of fungi are mushrooms that look like plants

Polyporus officinales

P. fomentarius

species under Polyporinales formerly used in chinese med

Ganoderma lucida

These are the ones incorporated in the coffee

Clitocybe

Stratopharia

Psilocybe

Conocybe

genus under Tricholometaceae

hallucinogenic psilocin and psilocybin

Stratopharia, Psilocybe, Conocybe are known to contain?

lysergic acid

Psilocybin has effects similar to

muscarine; PSNS

Clitocybe contains this and as such has this effect

Amanita muscaria

toxic mushroom under Amanitaceae family that acts on muscarine and crosses BBB

Phallus impudicus

aka stinkhorn

Dermatiaceae

sexual pores of this family have not been demonstrated

digitoxigenin to digoxigenin

Fusarium lini transforms ?

Fusarium lini

This can be found as a symbiont

Fusarium lini

there is an organism living in symbiosis with another

\

order of family plant sources in terms of most num as sources for drugs

key class of compounds found in each family

more secondary metab

high order of plants means?

Ginkgo biloba L.

improves short term memory

Strychnos nux-vomica L.

analeptic (CNS stimulant)