bio midterm

problem statement (question)

the problem that you are trying to solve with the lab or project

hypothesis

an educated prediction

independent variable

the variable that we change

dependent variable

the variable you are trying to measure

control group

the group you use for comparison, the "normal" condition

graphing requirements

requires a descriptive title, using the whole page, write a caption, be neat

conclusion

a summary based on evidence or facts

validity

actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

qualitative data

information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic

quantitative data

numerical data

CER

claim, evidence, reasoning

data table

requires units, a descriptive titles, and must be neat

monomer

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

polymer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

dehydration synthesis

two molecules become covalent bonded together with the removal of a water molecule; forms polymer

hydrolysis

the break down of bonds between two molecules through the addition of water

water properties

surface tension, capillary action, universal solvent, density, high specific heat, pH

cohesion

the attraction of water molecules to each other

adhesion

the attraction of water molecules and other surfaces

surface tension

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

specific heat

the amount of energy that is required to raise the temperature of a material by 1 degree celsius

pH scale

measure of acidity of a solution with 0 as the most acidic and 14 is the most basic

base

substances that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

acid

substance that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

emergent properties

A compound has characteristics different from those of its elements

isotopes

versions of the same element that have differing quantities of neutrons

covalent bonds

bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

hydrogen bonds

weak chemical bonds when slightly positive hydrogen atom on a water molecule is attracted to slightly negative oxygen atom in another water molecule

specific heat of water

1 cal/g/C

evaporative cooling

As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools

solute

the substance that is dissolved

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

aqueous solution

a solution in which water is the solvent

polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

function of simple sugars

immediate and short energy source

function of complex carbohydrates

long term energy

function of lipids

Long term energy storage, protection and insulation

function of nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information

function of proteins

essential for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues

structure of simple sugar

structure of complex carbohydrates

structure of protein

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

structure of DNA

structure of RNA

organic compounds

carbon-based molecules

macromolecules

a very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

carbohydrate composition

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

lipid composition

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

protein composition

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

nucleic acids composition

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

substrate

reactant which binds to enzyme

active site

an enzymes catalytic site

products

end result of a reaction

lactase

enzyme that breaks down lactose

nucleic acids

dna and rna

dna

deoxyribonucleic acid which is double stranded and the strands run anti-parallel, has a deoxyribose sugar

rna

ribonucleic acid and is single stranded, has a ribose sugar

gene

segment of dna that codes for a specific trait

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids that has a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base at the 1' carbon, and a phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon

protein synthesis

formation of proteins using information that's passed from dna and carried by mRNA to the ribsomes which then has tRNA with corresponding anticodons

amino acids

building blocks of proteins, carried on tRNA to a ribosome for protein synthesis

transcription

in the nucleus, when dna goes to rna; the dna strand and made into an rna strand which has a poly-a tail and g cap added, then the introns and removed and exons are spliced together, the mRNA exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

mRNA

messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

translation

at ribosomes, rna to protein; the mrna enters the ribosome where it begins translation, tRNA arrives at p-site and it's anticodons correspond to codons on mrna, the animo acid on said trna bonds to other ones to form a polypeptide (protein)

codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

anticodon

A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis.

ribosomes

protein synthesis happens here as it takes in the mrna and trna enters at the p-site

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

polypeptide chain

long chain of amino acids bound by peptide bonds/ a protein

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing 4 gametes

gametes

sex cells

Fertilization

the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

mutation

a random change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

silent mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

missense mutation

A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.

nonsense mutation

changes a normal codon into a stop codon

deletion mutation

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene

insertion mutation

the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

framshift mutation

Mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting nucleotides

mutagen

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

crossing over

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring, happens during prophase I

alleles

different versions of a gene

polygenic traits

traits controlled by two or more genes

gene technology

Techniques that allow the study and alteration of genes and their functions.

crispr

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

gmos

genetically modified organisms

cloning

A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source.

Epigenetics

the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Pedigrees

a chart that shows a trait in a family and how it is inherited

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism (ex: bb)

X inactivation

one of two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated and remains coiled as a Barr body

complete dominance

a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another