TFN 3

Martha Rogers

Science of Unitary Human Beings

Science of Unitary Human Beings

Patients are considered “unitary human beings,” who cannot be divided into parts, but have to be looked at as a whole.

Wholeness

Human being is considered as united as a whole. More than and different from the sum of its parts.

Openness

Person and their environment are continuously exchanging energy with each other. People are open to change and can adapt to their environment. Nurses should help people embrace positive changes for better health.

Unidirectionality

life processes evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally

Pattern and Organization

identifies individuals and reflects their innovative wholeness

Sentence and Thought

Humans are the only organisms able to think, imagine, have language and emotions

Energy Field

fundamental unit of the universe, which includes all living and non-living things. They are not separate entities but interconnected and integral to the whole.

Pattern

individuals perceive and interact with the world through the recognition of meaningful patterns. Nurses should understand each person's unique patterns to provide better care.

Pandimensionality

Energy fields exist beyond time and space.

Homeodynamic Principles

Dynamic version of homeostasis; postulates a way of viewing unitary human beings

Resonance

a harmonious and synchronous relationship between an individual's energy field and the environment. Associated with health and well-being.

Helicy

individuals and their energy fields are in a continuous state of transformation and development. The dynamic process of change and adaptation.

Integrality

interconnectedness and unity of human beings. It emphasizes that individuals are holistic entities, not just a collection of separate parts or systems

Qualitative Data

data that is appropriate descriptive, experiential,

Quantitative Data

seeks to prove causal relationship, thereby oversimplifying causality

Dorothea Orem

Self Care, Self Care Deficit, Nursing System

Self-Care

Activities that an individual completes or assists with in order to maintain life and/or a higher level of well-being

Self-Care Deficit

Occurs when an individual cannot carry out self-care requisites. the demand of self-care is greater than the individual’s ability to satisfactorily attain it

Nursing Systems

Identifies actions that the nurse and client can take to reduce or eliminate the identified self-care deficit

Universal Requisites

Needs common to all individuals

Developmental Requisites

Need resulting from maturation or develop due to a condition or event

Health Deviation

Needs resulting from illness, injury & disease or its treatment

Wholly compensatory, Partly Compensatory, Supportive/Educative Compensatory

3 Classification of Nursing Systems

Wholly Compensatory

unable to complete any self-care independently; nursing compensates for patient’s inability to perform self-care

Partly Compensatory

Patient can do some care for themselves but still relies on the nurse

Supportive/Educative Compensatory

Patient learns to provide care for themselves on their own

Nursing by Orem

Art through which the practitioner of nursing gives specialized assistance to persons with disabilities. promotes the patient as a self-care agent

Person by Orem

An integrated whole functioning biologically, psychologically etc., who has potential learning and development

Health by Orem

Being structurally and functionally whole or sound. A state in which an individual can meet their own self-care needs and maintain well-being

Environment by Orem

Encompasses the physical environment, social context, and cultural factors. and conditions that influence the person's ability to perform self-care where it can either help facilitate or hinder it

Nursing Agency

nurse's ability to provide care and assistance to individuals with self-care deficits. Nurses have the knowledge, skills, and resources to help patients meet their self-care needs

Nursing Process

includes assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation

Imogene King

Conceptual System and Middle Range Theory of Goal Attainment

Theory of Goal Attainment

Describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a patient grows and develops to attain certain life goals with the help or supervision of the nurse.

Perceptual Interaction Accuracy

If this present in nurse-client interactions, transaction will occur

Transaction

Goal will be attained if the nurse and client perform this

Satisfaction

Will occur if goals are attained

Growth and Development

Will be enhanced if transactions are made in nurse-client interactions

Role Expectations and Performance

Occurs when nurse and clients perceive this as congruent

Stress

Occurs when there is Role Conflict experienced by nurse and/or client.

Mutual Goal Setting and Attainment

Occurs when nurse with special knowledge skill communicate appropriate information to client

Human Being by King

social being who are rational and sentient. Dynamic individuals with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects. They have goals related to their well-being

Health by King

Involves dynamic life experiences of a human being. continuous adjustment to stressors in the internal and external environment through optimum use of one’s resources

Environment by King

background for human interactions. The physical and social factors as well as internal and external factors that affect people's health and their ability to achieve their goals.

Internal Environment by King

Transforms energy to enable person to adjust to continuous external environmental changes

External Environment by King

Involves formal and informal organizations

Nursing by King

process of action, reaction, and interaction by which nurse and client share information. setting goals, explore means, and agree on means to achieve goals. helping individuals to maintain their health so they can function in their roles

Goal Setting

Nurses work with patients to set achievable health goals

Patient-Nurse Interactions

Effective communication and interaction is crucial between the nurse and patient

Goal Achievement

Nurses and patients collaborate to reach these set health goals

Betty Neuman

Systems Model

Systems Model

a complex systems model with focus on stress reactions & stress reduction. predominantly wellness oriented and holistic. provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of nursing concerns

Client System

Instead of Person in the metaparadigm. May be an individual, a family, a group, a community

Physiological Client System

Refers to bodily structure & internal function

Psychological Client System

Refers to mental processes & interactive environmental effects, both internally & externally

Social Cultural Client System

Refers to combined effects of social cultural conditions & influences

Developmental Client System

Refers to age-related developmental processes & activities

Spiritual Client System

Refers to spiritual beliefs & influences

Health by Neuman

As wellness. The condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in harmony with the whole of the client. Equated with stability of normal lines of defense.

Flexible Line of Defense

Outer boundary to the normal line of defense. keeps the system free from stressors and is dependent on the amount of sleep, nutritional status, and quantity of stress experienced

Normal Line of Defense

represents what the client has become, the state to which the client has evolved overtime or the wellness level. dynamic in terms of its ability to become and remain stabilized to deal with life stressors over time

Line of Resistance

last boundary that promotes basic structure. is activated following invasion of the normal line of defense by environmental stressors.

Environment by Neuman

encompasses the internal and external factors that influence the client system, including stressors.

Stressors

factors or influences from the internal or external environment that disrupt the client holistic system’s stability and equilibrium

Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Extra-Personal

3 types of Stressors

Nursing by Neuman

an action which assist individuals, families, and groups to maintain a maximum level of wellness, and the primary aim is stability of the patient/client system, through nursing interventions to reduce stressors

Nursing Intervention

Occur before or after stressors at all levels of prevention.

Primary Prevention

Occurs before the system reacts to a stressor. Health promotion, injury prevention. Strengthen flexible line of defense

Secondary Prevention

Occurs after the stress has affected the environment. Focuses on preventing damage to internal core

Tertiary Prevention

Occurs after the system has been treated through secondary prevention. Focus on support, readaptation, reeducation to prevent future occurrences

Sister Callista Roy

Nurse theorist, writer, lecturer, researcher, and teacher. Worked with Dorothy E. Johnson

Harry Helson’s Adaptation Theory

Roy’s adaptation model for nursing was derived from where?

Adaptive responses

a function of the incoming stimulus and the adaptive level

Adaptation Model

framework for nursing practice, research, and education. uses concepts from AH Maslow to explore beliefs and values of persons. combines Helson’s work with Rapport’s definition of system and views the person as an adaptive system

Humanism

Where Roy’s holistic approach to nursing is based on

System

set of units so related or connected to form a unity or whole and characterized by inputs, outputs, and control and feedback processes

Adaptation Level

constantly changing point, made up of focal, contextual and residual stimuli

Adaptation Problems

occurrences of situations of inadequate response to need, deficits, or excesses

Focal Stimulus

degree of change or stimulus most immediately confronting the person and the one to which the person must make an adaptive response

Contextual Stimulus

All other stimuli present that contribute to the behavior caused or precipitated by the focal stimuli

Residual

background factors that may not be immediately apparent but can still influence an individual's adaptation.

Regulator

Subsystem coping mechanism which responds automatically through neural-chemical-endocrine processes

Cognator

Subsystem coping mechanism which responds to complex processes of perception and information processing, judgment, and emotion

Adaptive Response

Responses that promote integrity of the person in terms of goals of survival, growth, reproduction, and mastery

Ineffective Response

Responses that does not contribute to adaptive goals,

Physiological Mode

body’s basic needs and ways of dealing with adaptation. Homeostasis

Self-Concept Mode

composite of beliefs and feelings that one holds about oneself. formed from perceptions

Role Performance Mode

Role function is the performance of duties based on given positions in society

Interdependence Mode

Involve one’s relations with significant others and support system. maintains psychic integrity by meeting needs for nurturance and affection

Nursing by Roy

theoretical system of knowledge which prescribes a process of analysis and action related to the care of the ill or potentially ill person

Person by Roy

biopsychosocial being in constant interaction with a changing environment. adaptive system with internal processes acting to maintain adaptation

Health by Roy

state and a process of being and a becoming an integrated and whole person. Lack of integration represents lack of health

Environment by Roy

All the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons or groups.

Myra Estrin Levine

Developed an interest in nursing because her father (who had gastrointestinal problems) was frequently ill

Conservation Model

focused in promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness using the principles of conservation

Adaptation Process

Outcome of the process of change and conservation. process whereby the patient maintains integrity within the realities of the environment

Wholeness

The unceasing interaction of the individual organism with its environment does represent an ‘open and fluid’ system. constant adaptations to the environment, permit ease

Conservation

product of adaptation. To keep together. the way complex systems are able to continue to function even when severely challenged. keeping together of the wholeness of the individual

Conservation of Energy

Individuals should prioritize activities and processes that conserve energy and avoid unnecessary expenditure.