WH S1 FINAL

Ptolemy

developed the geocentric theory

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) - planets move in elliptical patterns

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to discover mountains on earth's moon, moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots.

Isaac Newton

English scientist, proposed the Universal Law of Gravitation. Developed laws of motion and mechanics

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

William Harvey

Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart

Maria Winkelmann

The most famous of the female astronomers in Germany. Discovered a comet.

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

1\. Scientists make observations to form conclusions which led to new findings.

2\. New technology

3\. Improvements in math and exploration.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

The Catholic Church

Who did Galileo come into conflict with as a result of his scientific findings?

1\. Let only your mind influence your opinion.

2\. Your mind cannot be doubted, but your body and the world can, so each is radically different.

3\. Separation of mind and matter (of mind and body).

What are Rene Descarte's 3 main beliefs as discussed in class?

"I think, therefore I am."

What quote is Rene Descarte famous for?

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Baron de Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers

Voltaire

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Denis Diderot

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher who wrote "Wealth of Nations" which outlined 3 roles of governments

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher whose ideas of the Social Contract influenced both the American and French Revolutions

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

To Change the World

What was the role of philosophy?

Enlightened Absolutism

a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Limited Government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

Frederick the Great

The Prussian king who granted limited personal freedoms to his people such as freedom of religion and abolished torture except for cases of treason/

Joseph II

Emperor of Austria who made the greatest attempt radical reforms based on Enlightenment ideals.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who favored Enlightenment ideals but did not implement them into her government because she depended on the wealthy nobles.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army

James Madison

Father of the Constitution

Thomas Paine

Author of "Common Sense" which was instrumental in convincing colonists to support the revolution against Britain

Austria and Britain vs. Prussia and France

What alliances were formed at the start of the War of Austrian Succession?

Silesia

What was the name of the territory the Prussians took from the Austrians at the start of the War of Austrian Succession

Austria, France, and Russia vs. Prussia and Britain

What new alliances were formed at the start of the 7 Years' War?

1688 Glorious Revolution in England, Taxation without Representation, Battles of Lexington and Concord

Main Causes of the American Revolution

Home-Field Advantage, Spirit of Independence, Better Allies

Reasons for American Victory over the British

Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle

What Treaty ended the War of Austrian Succession?

Treaty of Paris 1763

What Treaty ended the 7 Years' War?

Treaty of Paris 1783

What Treaty ended the American Revolution?

Articles of Confederation

What was the first form of government established by the Continental Congress in America called?

Very Weak

How would you describe the power of the National Government under the Articles of Confederation?

The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

What caused the Constitutional Convention to meet?

To explicitly define and guarantee personal freedoms to citizens

Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?

Consulate

government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government

Nationalism

the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

Conservatism

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

Principle of Intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Emperor

What title did Napoleon declare himself as in 1804?

King Louis XVIII (France)

brother of executed King Louis XVI; named King after Napoleon was exiled to Elba.

1\. Captain, 17922\. General, 17943\. Commander of French Armies in Italy, 1796

What titles were given to Napoleon as he rose in power within the French Army during the French Revolution?

1\. Peace with Catholic Church

2\. Napoleonic Code

3\. No freedom of press

3 Reforms made by Napoleon

Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau

Battles Napoleon won against the European Coalition from 1805-1807

1\. French Empire

2\. Dependent States (kingdoms ruled by napoleon’s relatives)

3\. Allied States

3 parts of Napoleon's Grand Empire

1\. Legal equality

2\. Religious toleration

3\. Economic Freedom

4\. Clergy and nobles lost political and economic privileges

Enlightenment principles spread by Napoleon to his Dependent and Allied States

1\. British resistance

2\. Rise of Nationalism

3\. Disastrous invasion of Russia

3 reasons for Fall of Napoleon

retreating and burning villages behind them so the French army could not use/find new resources

In 1812, the Russians were able to defeat Napoleon's Grand Army by

Other European counties saw he was vulnerable so they attacked and took the city of Paris in 1814, forcing Napoleon into exile

Why was Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia so consequential?

Elba

First island Napoleon was exiled to

Napoleon

Were French soldiers more loyal to Napoleon or King Louis XVIII?

Battle of Waterloo

This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

St. Helena

place of napoleons second/last exile and death

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Balance of Power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. Developed at Congress of Vienna by the Great Powers of Europe

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

Henry Cort

(1780's) Inventor of the puddling system in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat.

Thomas Edison

Invented the light bulb

Guglielmo Marconi

first person to build and use a wireless telegraph

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

James Watt

Invented the steam engine

Henry Ford

created the first automobile using the assembly line

Henry Bessemer

Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel

Samuel Slater

Brought/stole the plans from the British textile industry to America

1\. Agricultural Revolution in 1700s

2\. Population Increase

3\. Britain's Capital/Wealth

4\. Britain's Natural Resources5. Britain's Many Markets

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Great Britain

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

1\. Spinning Jenny2\. Steam Engine3\. Water Powered Loom4\. Cotton Gin

Inventions that helped improve the cotton industry

Provided funds to improve transportation and machinery

What did the European governments do to support/encourage industrialization?

New canals, roads, railroads, steamboat, steam engine

Examples of improvements in transportation during the Industrial Revolution

Industrial middle class

the social class made up of people who built factories, bought machines, and developed markets

Industrial working class

the social class made up of factory workers who faced bad working conditions

Poverty and Famine

2 main causes of migration to the United States during the 1800s

1\. Decline in death rates2\. Decline in wars 3\. Decline in major epidemic diseases

Causes for the increase in population in Europe from 1750-1850

England's Factory Act of 1833

First law passed aimed at improving working conditions for children

Estates System

French social system that divided the people into three categories: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

First Estate

clergy

Second Estate

nobility

Third Estate

98% of the population made up of Bourgeoisie, Sans-Cullotes, and the Peasent Farmers

National Assembly

Legislative body of France, members were from the old Third Estate, and held power in France after the storming of the Bastille

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Sans-culottes

Reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men. Considered themselves to patriots.

Girondin Club

Lived outside of Paris and feared radicalism from other groups

Mountain Club

Lived inside of Paris and felt the King needed to be executed

Paris Commune

Local government of Paris

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Electors

men who elected members of the legislative branch; needed to own/rent land to qualify

The Directory

Members of the Executive Branch under the Constitution of 1795 belonged to this group