final exam as 501

Wool (llama)

* Grease Free and light weight llama wool is warm and luxurious

Herd Health (llama)

* clostridium perfingens, tetanus
* equineherpes virus-1 if around horses
* if around cattle- BVD and IBR
* Modified stoll’s technique is needed to detect this low concentration of eggs, that is the test of choice for intestinal parasites of llamas and alpacas.

FPT (llamas)

* failure of passive transfer
* IgGdoes not pass through placenta and newborn is without protection

Poisonous plants

* Lupine

– Lethargy, dyspnea, convulsions, cleft palate, death • Jimson Weed; Loco weed

– CNS, emaciation, abortion, congestive right heart failure at high elevations

**• Oleander** \n **– Diarrhea, excess salivation, anorexia, bradycardia, arrhythmia**

**• Bracken Fern** \n **– Emaciation, dyspnea, anemia, death in days to weeks**

Other paraistes (llama)

* lungworm
* liver flukes
* coccidiosis

Wool terms (llama)

* Carding
* a preliminary process in manufacturing spun yarn in which the fibers are seperated, distributed, equalized, and formed into a web. The web can be very think or thick. the process of carding removes some impuiriteis, and a certain amount of short or broken fibers.

Male Berserk syndrome (llamas)

* do not cuddle male crias
* syndrome is permanent
* affected animals must be destroyed

Do They spit? (llamas)

* Llamas will spit at other llamas in order to establish the pecking order within the group, to ward off an unwanted suitor, or to say “stop it!”

Nutrition of Llama

* omasum is absent
* llamas do have canine teeth
* graze on grasses and browse on leaves
* cria eats 10% of BW/day

Feeder Pig production- replacements

* 2.2 litters/sow/year
* 10 pigs/ litter
* 8 pigs weaned/ litter
* weaned pigs sold at 45 lbs

Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (poultry disease)

* Diarrhea in turkeys 7-28 days old

what is the definition of poultry?

Poultry is a term for domestic fowl raised for

* meat
* chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons, ostrich, emu, partidge, pheasant
* eggs
* chickens, dugs, ostrich, emu
* feathers
* chickens, ostrich
* work
* homing and racing pigeons

History (important dates) of poultry

* 1889- artificial light → egg production
* 1909- Electric candler
* 1971- Newcastle disease in L.A
* 3 million birds destroyed
* marek’s vaccine approved
* 25-60% deaths in poultry prior to vaccine

World Poultry Numbers

* china- 3.1 Billion
* US- 1.6 Billion
* Russia- 623 million

Taxonomy of poultry

* class: Aves (Avian)
* Species: gallus domesticus; meleagris gallopavo
* Breed-
* animals of common origin and have characteristics that distinguish them from other groups of species.
* Strain- family or breeding population within a variety that possesses common traits

Egg Breed (poultry)

* Leghorn, Ancona, Minorca
* good laying hen
* 20 dozen in 1st year
* pullets
* 20-24 weeks
* 1st egg small
* 1 every 3 to 4 days

Meat breeds (poultry)

* Orpington, cornish, Australorp
* greater feed conversion ratio
* ex: rock cornish eats 2lbs of feed/lb wt

Dual purpose Breeds (poultry)

* New hampshire, plymouth rock, rhode island red
* can produce up to 16 dozen a year
* slower feed conversion ratio
* can dress a heavier carcass

Exhibition breeds (poultry)

* Bantams
* 1/4 or less the size of large fowl
* seabrights and silkies

Leghorns (poultry)

* leghorn, italy
* 240-250 eggs/year
* most numberous breeds in US

Araucana (poultry)

* South america (n. chile)
* **Blue, greenish eggs**
* **Rumpless**
* **no tail**
* dual purpose

Ameraucana (poultry)

* docile and sweet
* muffs and bears

Plymouth Rocks (poultry)

* most popular bird until WWII
* Hardy, docile, good mothers
* **meat and egg**
* **brown egg**
* good general farm chicken

Rhode Island reds (poultry)

* originate in Rhode Island
* dark red with black in the main tail
* dual purpose
* **Brown eggs**

New Hampshire (poultry)

* Plump carcass- used as either broiler or roaster
* extra large brown egg

Cornish (poultry)

* Developed as ultimate meat bird- Cornwall, England
* wide compact bodies → poor fertility
* wide muscular breast
* short legs

Ross (poultry)

* Industry standard for broiler growth rate, feed conversion, meat yield

skeleton of chicken

* s-shaped cervical vertebrate
* vertebrate rigid conformation for flight
* pneumatic bones, s-shave cervical spine, fuse vertebrae

Grades of Chickens

* Usually 6-8 weeks, 2.5-4.5 lbs
* capon
* castrated male under 8 mos
* stag
* male chicken under 10 mos

Feathers (poultry)

* lace
* penciling
* spangling
* barring

Combs (poultry)

* pea comb
* buttercup comb
* rose comb
* v-shaped comb
* cushion- comb
* single comb

Chicken vital signs

* Body temp: 104-109 F
* 300 beats/ minute at rest

feeding (poultry)

* Meatbreeds, dual purpose (0-18 wks), layers(0-18 wks)
* High protein
* low ca
* Layers 18 wks and older
* lower protein
* high ca
* Layer diets for growing birds (a big no no)
* growth problems, kidney damage, and death

supplements (poultry)

* calcium
* eggshells made of calcium carbonate
* oyster shell, limestone, aragonite
* insects and mice

Backyard housing conditions chickens

* good drainage
* hill
* heated or insulated in cold weather
* prevents combs and wattles from freezing
* screened openings
* ventilation
* electricity
* layers require 14hrs of light

Design (poultry)

* open sheds
* free-range birds

Proposition 2

\

* required eggs in california to come from chickens that have enough room to fully extend their limbs and turn around freely

Avian Influenza (disease poultry)

* coughing, sneezing, diarrhea, 90% mortality
* wild waterfowl

coccidiosis (disease poultry)

* protozoa
* bloody diarrhea

curles toe paralysis (b2) (diease poultry)

riboflavin

infectious coryza

\

common cold

Marek’s Disease (disease poultry)

* virus
* skin form (white bumps/ crusty brown scabs), nerve form (paralysis), eye forms (blindness), internal organ form (tumors, enlarges abdomen)

Newcastle disease (disease poultry)

* 1971- 3 million birds
* affect entire flock in 2 days
* coughing, sneezing, greenish diarrhea, biton B3, folic acid

Perosis (poultry disease)

* slipped tendon
* Mn, choline, biotin, B3, folic acid

Roundworms

* intestinal parasite

Cannibalism

* beak trimming

Grades of Eggs (poultry)

* Grade AA (highest consumer grade)
* whites are thick and firm, yolks are high round and almost free from defects, clean and unbroken shells
* Grade A
* same as grade AA except whites are “reasonably firm”
* Grade B
* Used for liquid, frozen or dried egg products.

Candling (poultry)

examines intact egg for shell soundness, interior quality, stage of embryonic develpment

Turkeys (poultry)

* 7.2 billion lbs meat
* native to U.S.

Broadbreasted bronze

* calmer and easier to handle

Broadbreasted white (turkey)

* 14-22 lbs female
* 25-40 lbs male
* 50 eggs

white beltsville

* advantage over broadbreated turkeys able to breed naturally

Ducks

* Meat and egg
* 150 eggs/year
* 7lbs meat in 8 weeks
* weed eaters

Leading duck states

* Indiana 1,179,062
* wisconsin 832,573
* California 817,765

Duck breeds

* most breeds originate from wild mallard except for Muscovy (s. america)

Khaki Campbell (ducks)

* best for egg production
* 300 eggs/year
* eat large quantities of snails, slugs, algae, insects, mosquitos from ponds

Indian Runner (duck)

* move faster and prefer to run than waddle

Welsh Harlequin (duck)

\

* lacks a strong sense of self preservation → vulnerable to predators

Pekin (duck)

* Most desirable table duck in US and australia

American Buff (duck)

* Dual purpose
* 240 eggs/ year

Muscovy (duck)

* developed in Brazil
* caruncles above the eyes and around the beak
* quackless
* claws
* mules

Geese

* oldest domestic animal
* china-6000 years ago
* gift to bride and groom to symbolize faithfulness and loyalty.
* geese are monogamous and mate for life
* roughage burner

Toulouse (duck)

* largest most populare in the US
* will have its body practically dragging on the ground.

Emden (duck)

* originate in germany
* fast growth, large size
* blue eyes, tall and erect stance → air of intelligence.
* can be sexed when younger because males are lighter in color

Aggression (duck)

* signs
* beeline, neck stretched, head down, hissing sounds
* preventions
* proper stocking rate
* greeting
* clap, stomp feet, wave arms, extend arms with a pointer finger

Feed (duck)

* Mallard derived
* mainly vegetable, some animal matter
* Geese
* vegetarian

Bonding (duck_)

* mallards
* muscovy
* indiscriminate
* mules
* geese

Ostriches

* top three states in order are Texas, CA, and KS
* Cannot fly: have no keel
* largest bird in the world
* only bird with two toes, sharp nails

Reproduction (ducks)

* eggs
* if allowed to keep eggs the hen will stop producing at 12-24 eggs

Meat (ducks)

* a live 250 lbs ostrich for slaughter cost 400- 500 dollars

what are feathers used for? (ducks)

* feather duster
* shoes
* clothes
* plumed head pieaces
* computer duster

Eggs

* 1 ostrich egg= 24 chicken eggs
* cocks extremely aggressive
* feed or pen

Which of the following breeds have a greater feed conversion and are used for meat production? \n

Orpington, cornish, ross

What muscular part of the stomach used for griding feed?

Gizzard

which of the following aides chicken in flight?

Ridged conformation of vertebrate

History of Pigs

* 4900 B.C. pigs domesticated in china
* Hernando de sotot “father of the american pork industry
* America’s 1st 13 pigs in tampa bay, Florida
* Native Americans reportedly became very fond of taste of pork some of the worst attacks on the de soto expedition
* 1600- cortez introduces hogs to New Mexico
* Semi-wild Pigs conducted such rampages in New York colonist’s grain field
* every owned pig 14 inches high had to have a ring in its nose
* Manhattan island → long solid wall built on northern edge to control roaming heard of pigs → now known as wall street
* Pigs 1st commercially slaughtered in Cincinnati aka porkopolis
* American breeds of swine derive from
* wild hog of Europe (sus scrofa)
* wild hog of India (sus vittatus)
* religion
* Islam, judaism, 7th day adventist

Pig population in the US (2014)

* Iowa: 20.5 million
* California 95,000
* United States: 66 million

Top pork producing countries 2013

* china 55,260
* Europe union 22,390
* United states 10,530
* Brazil 3,280

Types of swine

* lard type hog
* lean-meat type hog
* pets
* research

american landrace (swine)

* white in color
* very long side (extra vertabrae) making then known for bacon

Duroc Jersey (swine)

* Excellent rate of gain and feed efficiency
* red hog
* 2nd in numbers
* large litter

Hampshire (swine)

* white belt around the shoulders and front legs, black color

Poland China (swine)

Black w/ white feet, face and tip of tail (6 white points)

Heavy ham

Tamworth (swine)

* one of the oldest breeds
* excellent mothers
* very prepotent (great herediatry transmitting ability)

Vietnamese potbellied (swine)

* fifth most intelligent
* man, monkeys, dolphins, whales

Yorkshire (swine)

* mother breed
* large litters and good mother ability
* most populous breed in US

Annual registration numbers (swine)

* Yorkshire 211,600
* duroc 168,900
* Hampshire 163,800

Judging (swiine)

Side view: long body, slightly arched back, high tail, trim belly and jowl, deep flanks, legs are moderately long, straight, and true

o Rear view: uniform width from front to rear, shoulders well laid n blending in uniform thickness,wide and full in the loin area, plump and trim ham with muscling to the hock, hind legs set well apart **(pegging down)**

o Front view: shapely trim head with wide set eyes

* **●  Back fat - 15 in. or less on animal**

**o Probes on live animal or carcass**

selection for breeding (swine)

* pedigree
* record of animal’s ancestry
* showring record
* winners recognized as superior breeds

system of selection (swine)

* tandem selections- 1 trait at time until maximum progess is acheived
* selection index- all important traits combined into one score. higher scores

Park Carcass

* most finished hogs
* Barrows (castrated males) and gilts (200- 250lbs)

Carcass grading

* **carcass grades- quality of lean, amount of fat, and expected yield of trimmed wholesale cuts (ham, loins, picnics, boston butts- four main lean cuts)**

\


* U.S. No 1

o High quality of lean

▪ 60.4% or more

o Low percentage of backfat ▪ Max is 1%

● U.S. No 2 \n o Acceptable quality of lean

▪ 57.4 - 60.3%

o Backfat: 1.0 - 1.24%

* ●  U.S. No 3

o Lean: 54.4% - 57.3%

o Backfat: 1.25 - 1.49
* ●  U.S. No 4

o Lean: less than 54.5% o Backfat: above 1.5%

Maternal sow Line National Genetic Eval program

* Litter size- 10+ farrowed, 8+ weaned

Standards for replacement boars (swine)

* litter size- 10+ farrowed, 8+ weaned
* ADG- 2+ lbs.
* backfat probe- 1inch or less

Welfare: farrowing crate (swine)

* proposition 2
* FC prevents natural behaviors
* wandering, rooting, wallowing in mud

Dystocia (swine)

* pig snare
* antibiotics

Mgt. of Newborn (swine)

* clip tips of needle teeth
* ear notch
* numbers are added
* 1+1+3+9
* Fe- dextran injection 2-3 days

segregated early weaning (swine)

Weaned 10-17 days

all in all out

Swine reproduction

* age at puberty- 4-7 mnths
* gestation period 114 days
* length of estrous cycle 18-24 days

Boar semen (swine)

* sperm rich fraction
* opaque and milky and contains highest concentration of spermatozoa
* frozen in pellets or macro tubes
* smaller litter size