Plant Form

root system

anchors the plant and is used to absorb water and ions

shoot system

consists of supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves and reproductive flowers; repetitive units consist of internode, node, leaf and axillary bud

shoot apex

1

flower

2

stipule

3; a small leaflike appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the leaf stalk

shoot

4

leaf

5

tendril

6

leaflet

7

vein

8

blade

9

petiole

10; the stalk that joins a leaf to a stem; leafstalk

axillary bud

11; a lateral shoot apex that grows from the axil of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster

internode

12; a part of a plant stem between 2 of the nodes from which leaves emerge

node

13; the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge, often forming a slight swelling or knob

vascular system

14

root

15

primary root

16

lateral root

17

root apex

18

reproductive shoot (flower)

1

apical (terminal) bud

2 & 5; occur at the end (apex) of stems and branches, which is the location where shoot growth occurs and where the meristem population is

node

3

internode

4

vegetative shoot

6

leaf

7

blade

8

petiole

9

stem

10

taproot

11

lateral (branch) roots

12; grows off the side of the central root

axillary bud

13

shoot system

14

root system

15

axil

the upper angle between a leaf stalk or branch and the stem or trunk from which it is growing

protoplast

plant cell without cell wall

dermal tissue

outer protective cover that forms the epidermis; contain guard cells, trichomes and root hairs

ground tissue

function in storage, photosynthesis, secretion and support; forms several different internal tissue types

vascular tissue

conducts water and nutrients

tissue systems

each of the 3 tissue types extend through root and shoot systems

meristems

clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei; divides to produce one differentiating cell and another meristematic cell

apical meristem

produces extension of shoot and root; located at tips of stems, roots and branches and gives rise to primary tissues (primary plant body)

lateral meristem

produce an increase in shoot and root diameter (girth) in both gymnosperms and angiosperms; found in plants that exhibit secondary growth; give rise to secondary tissues (secondary plant body); forms from ground tissue in dicots

root cap

protects root apical meristem

leaf primordia

protect shoot apical meristem

protoderm

primary meristem that form the epidermis

procambrium

2; primary meristem that produces primary vascular tissue

ground meristem

1; primary meristem that differentiates into ground tissue

intercalary meristems

arise in stem internode; add to internode length; found in monocot stems

cork cambium

2; lateral meristem that produces outer bark

vascular cambium

1; lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue; forms between xylem and phloem in vascular bundles - adds secondary vasculature to both its sides

outside

Does vascular cambium add secondary phloem to the inside or outside?

inside

Does vascular cambium add secondary xylem to the inside or outside?

primary xylem

3; formed from the procambium produced by the apical meristem

primary phloem

4

secondary xylem

5; formed by the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem; wood consists of an accumulation of this

secondary phloem

6

primary growth

growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots (apical meristems) and that gives rise to primary tissues; increases plant height and gives rise to branching

secondary growth

growth that results from cell division in lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken

monocots

Do monocots or dicots typically lack secondary growth?

guard cells

paired sausage-shaped cells in epidermis of leaves; epidermal opening of the stoma for oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor

trichomes

unicellular or multicellular hair-like outgrowths of the epidermis; keeps leaf surface cool and reduces evaporation by covering stomatal openings; protects against UV radiation and temperature fluctuations; some are grandular secreting substances that deter herbivores

root hairs

tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells that greatly increase the root's surface area and efficiency of absorption

parenchyma

ground tissue cell that functions in storage of food and water, photosynthesis and secretion;

collenchyma

ground tissue cell that provides support and protection; flexible to allow bending without breaking

sclerenchyma

ground tissue cell that provides support and protection' tough, thick, inflexible cell walls; secondary cell walls often contain lignin

living

Do parenchyma have living or dead protoplasts?

living

Do collenchyma have living or dead protoplasts?

dead

Do sclerenchyma have living or dead protoplasts?

lignin

an important component of wood

fibers

long, slender sclerenchyma cell that's usually grouped in strands

sclereids

sclerenchyma cell with variable shape, often branched and may occur singly or in groups

vessels

lignified secondary cell walls with continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end to end

tracheids

lignified secondary cell walls with dead cells that taper at the end and abut one another

xylem

conducts water, and dissolved minerals including ions such as nitrates and phosphates; supports the plant body

transpiration

diffusion of water vapor from plant

primitive

Are tracheids more primitive or advanced?

advanced

Are vessels more primitive or advanced?

less

Are tracheids more or less efficient?

more

Are vessels more or less efficient?

all of the above

Are tracheids found in angiosperms, gymnosperms, other tracheophytes or all of the above

angiosperms

Are vessels found in angiosperms, gymnosperms, other tracheophytes or all of the above?

long and narrow

Are tracheids long and narrow or short and wide?

short and wide

Are vessels long and narrow or short and wide

fewer and larger pits

Do tracheids have fewer and larger pits or more and smaller pits?

more and smaller

Do vessels have fewer and larger pits or more and smaller pits?

phloem

principal food conducting tissue in vascular plants; also transports hormones, amino acids and other substances necessary for plant growth; contains sieve cells and sieve tube members

larger

Do sieve plates have smaller or large pores than sieve areas?

companion cell

carries out some of the metabolic functions needed to maintain the associated sieve member, which has no nucleus; have plasmodesmata that connect their cytoplasm with that of the associated sieve tube member

primitive

are sieve cells more primitive or advanced?

advanced

Are sieve tubes more primitive or advanced?

less

Are sieve cells more or less efficient?

more

Are sieve tubes more or less efficient?

gymnosperms

Are sieve cells in gymnosperms or angiosperms?

angiosperms

Are sieve tubes in gymnosperms or angiosperms?

long and narrow

Are sieve cells long and narrow or short and wide?

short and wide

Are sieve tubes long and narrow or short and wide?

sieve areas

Do sieve cells have sieve area, sieve plates or both?

both

Do sieve tubes have sieve areas, sieve plates or both?

uniform

Do sieve cells have a variable or uniform pore size?