psych vocab

conjunction fallacy

 we believe that two events happening in conjunction is more probable than one of those events happening alone.John wears glasses. This information is more readily associated with the idea that John also reads a lot of books, rather than John does extreme sports. Culturally we associate people who wear glasses with reading and intellectual pursuits

base rate fallacy

a cognitive bias that leads people to make inconsistent and illogical decisions.

hindsight bias

i knew it all along when you did not

belief perseverance

initial conceptions after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited ex. continue to believe the earth is flat

confirmation bias

search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

framing

how an issue is presented can affect decisions and judgements

phoneme

sound

morpheme

meaning

semantics

set of rules which we derive meaning from words, sentences

telegraphic speech

only leaves out unessential words

aptitude test

capacity to learn, predicts a person’s future performance

achievement test

assess what a person has already learned

reliability

CONSISTENT results

validity

measures what it is supposed to measure

spearman g factor

good/bad at everything

DSMV

only diagnoses disorders, NO treatments

rosenhan thud study

said they heard voices but were faking it, SCHIZOPHRENIA

anxiety disorder

fear that the patient has a serious disease despite evidence or lack of evidence that the disease exists

conversion disorder

involves the loss of one or more bodily functions. Ex.man comes blind after seeing his wife’s death

generalized anxiety disorder

high level of anxiety that is not tied to a specific threat

obessions

thoughts repeatedly intrude one’s consiousness

compulsions

behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease distress.

manic episode

energetic, excessive involvement in pleasurable activites with painful consequences ex. shopping spree- money gone

dissociative amnesia

forget important info (name, address, family)

dissociative fugue

traumatic event, cannot handle it

dissociative identity disorder

multiple, distinct personalities, find themselves doing things they wouldn't normally do, such as speeding, reckless driving, or stealing money from their employer or friend, yet they feel they are being compelled to do it

schizophrenia

split mind, out of touch with reality, word salad (disorganized thinking)

hallucinations

hearing voices

delusions

false beliefs

thalamus

sensory signals except smell, keeps you awake

systematic desensitzation

 a person is gradually exposed to an anxiety-producing object, event, or place while being engaged in some type of relaxation at the same time in order to reduce the symptoms of anxiety. For example, a very common phobia is the fear of flying

stanford binet test

a cognitive-ability and intelligence test that is used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies in young children. The test measures five weighted factors and consists of both verbal and nonverbal subtests.

social facilitation

perform better when being watched

groupthink

don’t want to cause problems, agrees w the group

milgram

obedience experiment, someone appears to be an expert/authority

reciprocity norm

positive action result in a positive action Ex. i receive a gift, expectation is to give a gift in return

social exchange theory

what is in it for me

altruism

doing something without expectations in return

halo effect

how much you like them influences your other judgements of them

cognitive dissonance theory

we dont like it when we have conflicting attitudes and when our attitudes do not match out actions. We will change our attitudes to create balance

prejudice

stereotyped beliefes about a group

scapegoat theory

prejudice and discrimination is the result for someone to blame with your problems

nrem-1

hallucinations, theta waves, hypnagogic sensations (floaty feeling)

rem (paradoxical sleep)

beta waves, 70-120 min

nrem 2

sleep spindles

nrem 3

human growth hormone, delta waves

insomia

cannot stay asleep

narcolepsy

sleep attacks

sleep apnea

stopping of breathing, snoring

night terrors

stage 3/4

nightmares

rem sleep

somniloquy

sleep talking

Somnambulism

sleep walking

activation synthesis theory

why humans have dreams. It states that a dream is the cerebral cortex processing nerve impulses being sent from the body to the brain stem into something that makes sense.

lucid dreams

people are aware they are dreaming, can control their actions

information processing

interpret gathered information from the day and set it into memory

depressents

slow body functions (opiates, alcohol, barbituates)

stimulants

speed up body functions (cocaine)

hallucinogens

lsd, marijuana

iconic sensory

visual

echoic

auditory

short term memory

20-30 seconds unrehearsed, can only keep 7 (± 2) items in their working memory

explicit memory

declarative, remembering facts, dates

implicit memories

nondeclarative, procedural memory, tasks

cerebellum

movement

hippocampus

long term memory

ebbinghaus

forgetting curve, remembering and forgetting studied rehearsal using nonsense syllables

retrieveal

getting information out

encoding

the process of turning thoughts into communication.

gardner

multiple intelligences

motor neurons

efferent,EXIT, information from the brain to the rest of the body

sensory neurons

AFFERENT, senses to the brain

endorphins

runner’s high

dopamine

too much: schizophrenia, lack: parkinsons

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

everything but brain and spinal cord

adrenal glands

fight/flight

electroencephalogram (eeg)

sleep, electrical waves across brain

pet scan

glucose

mri

physical damage

lesion

patients with brain damage are examined to determine which brain structures are damaged and how this influences the patient's behavior.

pons

deep sleep, connect

limbic system

between brainstem and cerebrum

thalamus

sensory

cerebellum

balance

cerebral cortex

touch

parietal lobe

processes sensory information received from the outside world, mainly relating to touch, taste, and temperature

iD

pleasure

ego

decision making

superego

right and wrong

reaction formation

express OPPOSITE of true feelings

projection

transferring traits in oneself onto others

repression

pushing out of consciousness

regression

less mature behavior, bragging

oral

birth to end of weaning, chewing fingernails

anal

critical event-potty training, ocd

phallic

resolution of oedipus, identify as a gender

latency

puberty

karen horney

carl jung

collective unconscious, archetypes (typical example)