ALL SEMESTER ONE BIO STUDY SET (SEMESTER TEST)

Grow and develop

Grow means increase in size. Develop means organism changes over the course of its life (cells differentiate)

Respond to stimuli

Reactions to the environment around them.

require energy

In order to grow, reproduce and respond to stimuli, organisms need to eat/sleep for their body to work.

adaptations in evolution

An adaptation is a feature that is common in a population because it provides some improved function. Adaptations are well fitted to their function and are produced by natural selection.

Made of one or more cells

All organisms are made of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of life.

Displays organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

maintain homeostasis

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?

reproduce

the production of offspring

development

the process of change that occurs during an organism's life

Example of Response to stimuli

plants growing towards a light source

scientific explanation

Claim, Evidence, Reasoning

Claim is supported by

Evidence

A good claim includes

A statement that is believed to be true. NO EVIDENCE should be included.

Basic structural organization of life

Cells that make up tissues that make up additional structures.

Examples of tissues

Muscular tissue - contracts to move whatever it's attached to

Glandular tissue - makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

Epithelial tissue - covers some parts of the human body e.g. the inside of the gut

The "Fixed regulation point" on a graph is also known as

Homeostasis on a graph

Positive Feedback Examples

childbirth, fruit ripening, blood clotting

Negative Feedback Example

Heart Rate, Body Temp

closed stomata

Conserve water on hot, dry days

Limit the availability of CO2 for the light-independent reactions; sugar synthesis slows

open stomata

Allow CO2 to diffuse from the air into photosynthetic tissues

Allow O2 to diffuse out of these tissues into the air

High temperature and low precipitation

Closed Stomata

High Precipitation and low temperature

Open Stomata

constant

A value that does not change

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

a factor that stays the same in an experiment

constant

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Biology

The study of life

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Multicellular

Consisting of many cells

Autrotroph

organism that can make its own food

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

Detritivore

organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter; also called decomposer

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

Omnivore

A consumer that eats both plants and animals

Primary consumer

An organism that eats producers; the first consumer in a food chain

Secondary consumer

An organism that eats primary consumers; the second consumer in a food chain

Tertiary consumer

An organism that eats secondary consumers; the third consumer in a food chain; apex predator

Keystone species

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

Abiotic limiting factors

nonliving factors that affect an ecosystem; light, temperature, nutrients, weather, natural disasters, water, shelter

Biotic limiting factors

living factors that affect an ecosystem; competition, predation, disease

Pyramid of Energy

A pyramid that shows the total amount of energy available at each trophic level

10% Law

Only 10% of the energy, biomass, or numbers is transferred from one trophic level to the next

Pyramid of Biomass

illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level in an ecosystem

Pyramid of numbers

representation of the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem

Trophic level

Each step in a food chain or food web

Food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Food web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Ecological succession

series of gradual changes that occur in a community following a disturbance

Primary succession

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists

Secondary succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

Pioneer species

first species to populate an area during succession

climax community

a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes

climax community

A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time

Biodiversity

The number of different species in an area

global warming

A gradual increase in average global temperature

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

pioneer organisms / species

first organisms to live in an area

burning more fossil fuels

direct rise in CO2 emissions

CO2 and methane

What gases make up most of Earth's greenhouse gases?

cutting down millions of acres of trees

Which process would increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?

habitat loss

The destruction of habitats that usually results from human activities

invasive species

plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native

polution

damage to the land, air, and water from harmful materials

Overharvesting

catching or removing from a population more organisms than the population can replace

Eutrification

The process where excess nutrients enter body of water that causes overgrowth of aquatic plants

Endangered Species Act

identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

Energy will

flow

Nutrients will

cycle

Elements that make up carbohydrates

CHO

Elements that make up lipids

CHO

Elements that make up proteins

CHON

Elements that make up nucleic acids

CHONP

Monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Monomers of lipids

triglycerides (glycerol and fatty acids)

Monomers of proteins

amino acids

Monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base)

Function of carbohydrates

fast energy, main source of energy

Function of lipids

stored energy

Function of proteins

cell growth and repair; makes up muscles, skin, hair

Function of nucleic acids

stores genetic information

Chemical bond

holds atoms together in a molecule

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Macromolecule

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

Peptide bond

Bonds that connect amino acids.

Responsible for waterproofing molecules

lipids

Include cooking oils, butters, animal fat, avocados, and olives

lipids

Responsible for coding for proteins

nucleic acids

Include DNA, RNA, and ATP

nucleic acids

Include sugars and starches

carbohydrates

Include fats, waxes, oils, and steroids

Lipids