ap psych unit 10

psychological disorder

a "harmful dysfunction" in which behavior is judged to be: atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, unjustifiable

DSM-V

the most widely used manual for classifying psychological disorders

stress-diathesis model

argues that a biological or genetic predisposition (diathesis) interacts with the environment and life events (stressors) to trigger behaviors or psychological disorders

psychotic disorders

a class of disorders where a person loses touch with reality and can no longer function normally in society

anxiety disorder

refers to a category of disorders that involve excessive, persistent, and distressing levels of fear, nervousness, and apprehension which may manifest themselves into physical symptoms

generalized anxiety disorder

a disorder characterized by excessive worry AND presence of physical symptoms of anxiety

panic disorder

disorder marked by repeated and unexpected panic attacks

phobia

anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific object or situation

obsessive compulsive disorders

group of disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) which cause suffering

major depressive disorder

must meet at least 5 of the following symptoms for 2 or more weeks: depressed mood, los of interest in activities, changes in weight, changes in sleeping patterns, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, diminished ability to concentrate, or repeated thoughts of death/suicide. symptoms must also cause significant distress and loss of their ability to function normally

mania

overexcited, hyperactive, optimistic state; impulsive dangerous behavior; extreme can lead to psychosis

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in which person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and mania

dissociative disorders

disorders in which a person's conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories and feelings. involves memory loss and disconnection to the self

dissociative identity disorder

aka multiple personality disorder. rare disorder where person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities

schizophrenia

disorder characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions

delusions

false beliefs of grandeur or persecution

post-traumatic stress disorder

disorder brought on by exposure to death, sexual violence, threat of death, or similar traumatic experience. symptoms may include haunting memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, anxiety, anger/irritability, or dissociative "flashbacks"

tic disorders

a group of disorders characterized by sudden, unwanted motor or phonic movements

tourettes

involves involuntary twitching (motor tics) and making of unusual sounds (vocal tics)

trauma and stress related disorders

group of disorders in which person has been exposed to an extremely traumatic or stressful life event which has caused emotional disturbances

depressive disorders

disorders which involve sad, empty, or irritable moods which are accompanied by cognitive and somatic changes that significantly alter a person's ability to function

seasonal affective disorder

aka "winter depression"; sunlight affects mood

dysthymia (persistent depression)

show depressive symptoms for 2 or more years

dissociative amnesia

the inability to remember autobiographical information that is beyond normal forgetting

somatic disorders

a category of disorders which individuals have abnormal interpretations, feelings, or behaviors towards a physical/bodily symptom

phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder

anxiety category

OCD, hoarding, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder

obsessive-compulsive and related category

PTSD etc

trauma and stress related category

Tourette's etc

tic disorder category

major depressive disorder, dysthymia, seasonal affective disorder

depressive category

bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder

bipolar and related category

dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia/fugue state

dissociative category

schizophrenia, delusional disorder

schizophrenia spectrum category

paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

personality cluster a

anti-social, bordeline, histrionic, narcissistic

personality cluster b

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

personality cluster c

somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, factitious disorder

somatic category

medical model

assumes that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed based on their symptoms and be treated and in most cases cured

bio-psycho-social model

assume biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors interact to produce disorders

deinstitutionalization

policy to remove patients from mental hospitals

neurotic disorders

a class of disorders which causes suffering (anxiety, depression, etc) but still allows a person to function rationally for the most part

behaviorist causes of anxiety

1. classical conditioning

2. stimulus generalization

3. reinforcement

4. observational learning/modeling

biological causes of anxiety

1. evolution: certain fears help us survive

2. genes: correlations with identical twins and phobias

3. physiology: brain chemistry

separation anxiety

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

OCD

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

hoarding

collecting and putting things away in a guarded way

body dysmorphic disorder

involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance

trichotillomania and excoriation

hair and skin pulling/picking

motor tic

a tic involving physical behaviors such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, or head jerking

vocal tic

an audible tic such as coughing, grunting, throat clearing, sniffling, or making sudden, vocal outbursts

biology of tics

dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters involved

dissociative fugue state

when a person with amnesia physically moves away from home or travels great distance in amnesiac state

word salad (disorganized speech)

incoherence in ideas and ideas slip off track (symptom of schizophrenia)

flat affect and catatonia

lots of negative symptoms cause the person to appear "statue-like", rigid posture, no communication

positive symptoms

involve the PRESENCE of inappropriate perceptions behavior

negative symptoms

involves the ABSENCE of appropriate behavior

avolition

decrease in purposeful, motivated behavior ("doing nothing")

persecutory delusion

paranoid belief one is going to be harmed by outside force

dopamine hypothesis

states breakdown in selective attention is caused by EXCESS of dopamine

tardive dyskinesia

produces an incurable disturbance of motor controls (shaking, tremors), especially of the facial muscles

biological links to schizophrenia

- breakdown in selective attention

- dopamine hypothesis

- enlarged fluid filled areas of the brain

- shrunken thalamus

- less gray matter

personality disorders

a diagnostic category of disorders which describes inflexible behavior patterns that impair social relationships and functioning

paranoid personality

personality disorder: constant and longstanding mistrust and suspicion of others. interpret others' motives as out to get you

histrionic personality

personality disorder: characterized by excess and extreme emotions and attention seeking behavior. always need to be the center of attention, overly dramatic, and often inappropriately sexually provocative

borderline personality

personality disorder: instability in relationships and moods. tend to have poor self-image and are very impulsive and unpredictable. black and white thinking

narcissistic personality

personality disorder: characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance. often believes they are overly "special", and that they are entitled to special treatment. "Don't you know who I am?" very self-absorbed

anti-social personality

personality disorder: characterized by a lack of conscience for wrongdoing toward anyone. fail to conform to social norms and laws. very deceitful, irresponsible, and dangerous

avoidant personality

personality disorder: avoids most social situations because of a fear of criticism or rejection. feels inadequate and doesn't take risk to avoid embarrassment

dependent personality

personality disorder: submissive personality type that has trouble making decisions or taking care of self without others. lack of confidence in own judgement

biological links to anti-social

- PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer's frontal cortex

- reduced activity in amygdala

somatic symptom disorder

somatic disorder in which individual has at least one physical symptom which disrupts their daily life coupled with excessive health concerns about the nature of their illness

illness anxiety disorder

somatic disorder in which individual who has extreme preoccupation with having or getting an illness even if they DO NOT have any physical symptoms or very mild symptoms

conversion disorder

somatic disorder which refers to the loss of a physical or sensory function when there is NO NEUROLOGICAL/MEDICAL CAUSE to explain. usually associated with STRESS AND TRAUMA of some type

factitious disorder

somatic disorder in which a person deceives others by pretending they have an illness by deliberately producing, faking, or exaggerating symptoms even in the absence of external rewards

David Rosenhan

- pseudopatient experiment

- impact of labeling on disorders

psychological therapies

therapies which employ interaction (usually verbal) between trained professional and a client with a problem

biomedical therapies

therapies directed at a patient's nervous system

psychotherapy

emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

eclectic approach

aka diverse approach; uses a variety of different techniques from various theories of therapy depending on the problem of the individual

insight therapies

goal is to help clients develop insight about the cause of their problems and that insight will lead to behavior change; problems decrease as self-awareness increases

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

meta-analysis

procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

regression towards the mean

the tendency for unusual emotions (depression/sadness) or events to return (regress) toward their average state with time

clinical psychologist

a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

psychiatrist

A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

community psychologist

psychologists that look to prevent illnesses by looking at primary problems in communities and society. overall goal is to design preventive solutions so that potential problems do not occur

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

resistance

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

transference

patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)