Gen Biot

BRUB WTF

Nervous system

Works by regulating most activities by
sending nerve impulses.

Axons

Secrete neurotransmitters into the
synaptic cleft.

Endocrine system

Produces regulatory chemicals through
the hormones.

Blood

Carries the hormones to the target cell.

Norepinephrine

- Functions both as a neurotransmitter
and a hormone.
- released as a neurotransmitter in nerve
endings and by the adrenal gland as a
hormone during stressful conditions.

Paracrine

- Regulation wherein some chemical
regulators are released and act within
the cells of certain organs to regulate
one another.

Nerve impulses

- Fast-reacting and usually short-lived.

Hormones

- Slow acting and longer-lived
messengers.
- Made in the glands of the endocrine
system.
- Involved in coordinating the activities
that the endocrine system carries out.

Endocrine glands

- Ductless glands that secrete hormones.

Endo

Within

Peptide hormones

- Peptide, proteins, glycoproteins, and
modified amino acids.
- Cannot diffuse into the plasma
membrane of the target cell but must
first bind to a receptor protein.

Steroid hormones

- Lipids derived from cholesterol
- can easily pass through the cell
membrane of the target cell.

Target cell

- Specific cell a hormone binds to and
acts on (carries the message to).

Stimuli

- Changes that the receptors detect.

Homeostasis

- Involves the cooperation of internal
control systems.

Sensors.

- Receptors that gather information from
the external environment.

Control center

- Refers to the brain that receives
information from the sensor.

Communication systems

- Carry the messages to the body and
targets that will respond to the message.
- Endocrine and nervous system
● With the endocrine system, the body
produces more than 40 kinds of
hormones

Feedback mechanisms

- Detect the amount of hormones in
circulation or the amount of other
chemicals produced because of
hormone action.
- a physiological regulation system in a
living body

Negative feedback mechanisms A.K.A Negative feedback
homeostasis

- Mostly govern homeostasis
- is a pathway that is triggered by a
deviation in output and produces
changes in output in the opposite
direction of the initial deviation.
- It changes the direction of the stimulus.

Oxytocin

Hormone that stimulates the release of
more milk from the mother’s mammary
gland

Positive feedback mechanisms

- Regulation wherein high levels of a
hormone stimulate the output of even
more hormones.
- Maintains the direction of the stimulus.
- control self-perpetuating events that can
be out of control.
- the original stimulus is promoted rather
than negated.

Tropism

Process of growth in a certain direction
in response to a stimulus.

Positive tropism

Growth toward the stimulus.

Negative tropism

Growth away from the stimulus.

Light

Most important stimulus for plants

Chromophore

- Light-absorbing pigment.
- Forms Chromoprotein

Phototropism

- Response wherein the plant leans
toward the window to trap more sunlight.

Negative phototropism

- A.K.A skototropism
- Tendency of plants to grow away from
light.

Heliotropism

- In response to tracking of the sun’s
direction

Cryptochromes

- Responsible for the circadian rhythm of
plants.

Gravitropism

- Root tips grow downward (positive _____), whereas (negative ____) plant shoots
grow upward
- Responsible for the plant's roots
growing deeper into the soil.

Geotropism

Another word for Gravitropism

Amyloplasts

- Specialized plastids that contain starch
granules that settle downward.
- Distributed heavily in shoots and
specialized caps of the roots.

Thigmotropism

- Response of plants to touch, wind, or
any contact stimuli.
- Controlled by certain plant hormones
such as ethylene and jasmonate.

Nastic movements

- Slight movements in response to any
stimulus.

Thigmomorphogenesis

- Slow developmental change that can
occur in the plant due to continuous
mechanical stress.

Sleeping movements

- Folding and unfolding of leaves and
flowers in the passing of day and night.

Circadian rhythm

- Plant’s innate biological clock.
- Provides plants with cues to maintain
their activities in a 24-hour period.

Photoperiodism

- Stimulus plants use to detect the time of
the year for their flowering, seed
germination, and the beginning and
ending of their dormancy activities.

Hormones

- Special group of chemical messengers.
- Play an important role in plants, such as
controlling their growth and
development.

Auxin

- Primarily promotes plasticity of plant cell
walls, allowing it to expand during
elongation
- First plant hormone to be discovered.

Auxein

- Named after the Greek word “_____”,
which means “to grow”.

Gibberellins (GAs)

- Affect plant growth together with auxin in
response to gravitropism.
- Help plants in seed germination and in
the production of bigger fruits.
- applied to dwarf mutants help restore
normal growth and development.

Cytokinins

- Promote cytokinesis in cell division.
- Abundant in growing tissues where cell
division occurs.
- Responsible for delaying the
senescence in plant leaves.

Ethylene

- Volatile gas associated in fruit ripening.
- Widely used to control the timing of fruit
maturation.

Abscisic acid

- Produced by plants in response to
environmental conditions such as cold
temperature, shorter day length or
dehydration.
- Inhibits cell elongation and induces
dormancy of lateral buds, thus retarding
growth.
- Protects the seed from sprouting too
early

Oligosaccharins

- Play an important role in protecting the
plant against fungal and bacterial
infections on the site of injury.

Jasmonates

- Participate in defense activities when
the plant is exposed to herbivory.
- Released in high amounts when the
plant is wounded by the herbivore.

Integumentary System

- set of organs that forms the external
covering of the body.

Integument

- Means cover
- Its main function is to cover and protect
the organism

Skin

- Largest organ in the human body.
- Protects by giving a waterproof
wrapping around the body.

Skin derivatives

- Hair and nails
- Uniquely present for cover and
protection among mammals.

Whiskers

- Tactile hairs that respond to touch.
- Grow on the lips and cheeks of most
mammals.
- Help the animals feel their way through
narrow or dark spaces

Human skin

- Makes up about 15 percent of your total
body weight and has a surface area of
1.4 to 1.9 square meters

Skin

- Provides the first line of defense against
diseases.
- The organ that covers the bodies.

Epidermis

- Outermost layer

Epidermis

- About as thick as a sheet of paper.

Epidermis

- Made up of several layers of epithelial
cells.

Dermis

- Middle layer

Dermis

- A.K.A true skin

Dermis

Between 15 and 40 times thick as the
epidermis.

Dermis

Functional layer of the skin

Dermis

Contains nerve cells, blood vessels, hair
follicles, and specialized skin cells.

Arrector pili

- Tiny muscles in the dermis
- Attached to the hair follicles in your skin.
- When you feel cold or frightened these
muscles contract and pull the hair shafts
upright.

Goose bumps

- Little bumps around the hair

Thermoregulation

- Temperature regulation that allows the
body to maintain its right temperature.

Perspiration

- Process of removing excess body heat
through the sweat glands in the dermis.

Vellus Hair

- A.K.A “peach fuzz.”
- Is thin, fine hair that grows on most of
your body.
- These thin little hairs help regulate your
body temperature.
- also protect your skin and help you
sense the world around you.

Terminal Hair

It’s thicker and coarser than vellus hair.

Androgen Hormones

- A group of sex hormones.
- They help start puberty and play a role
in reproductive health.
- Testosterone is the most common
androgen.

Eyebrows

Reduce the amount of light reflected into
your eyes.

Round-shaped follicles

Give rise to the straight, coarse, and
long hair of most Asians and Native
Americans.

Oval-shaped follicles

Hair grows from a straight follicle but
has a slight tendency to curl, giving a
wavy appearance.

Curved or taped-like follicles

Give rise to the curly hair of the Papuan,
Melanesia, and African peoples.

Anagen

- Growth Phase
- It’s the longest phase, 3 to 5 years.
- Your hair follicles are pushing out hairs
that will continue to grow until they’re cut

Catagen

- Transitional Phase
- Starts when the anagen phase ends,
10 days or so.
- Hair follicles shrink and hair growth
slows.
- The hair also separates from the bottom
of the hair follicle, yet remains in place.

Telogen

- Resting Phase
- 3 months.
- Hairs don’t grow, but they don’t usually
fall out either.
- Is also when new hairs start to form in
follicles.

Exogen

- Shedding Phase
- Essentially an extension or a part of the
telogen stage.
- Hair is shed from the scalp. Losing 50 to
100 hairs per day.

Root

Is found in the epidermis of the skin.

Follicle

A pouch-like structure that surrounds
the root of the hair.

Shaft

Made up of dead, hard protein, called
keratin.

Cuticle

- Transparent outermost region.
- Protects the inner layers.
- Gives the hair a shiny appearance.

Cortex

- Contains the pigment melanin, and the
structural protein keratin.
- Determines the thickness and strength
of the hair

Medulla

- Innermost part of some hairs
- Layer with soft, spongy mass of tissue.
- Coarse hair generally has this layer.

Nail

- Tough plate that covers the upper
surface at the end of each of your
fingers and toes.
- Continues to grow throughout your life.
- Special growth of the epidermis and is
made up of hardened cells.

Matrix

Lies under the surface of the skin at the
base of the nail.

Plate

- Hard outer part of the nail.
- Consists of many layers of flat, dead
cells that contain keratin.

Bed

Lies under the plate.

Apocrine glands

- Produce sweat that has no important
function.
- Armpits and around the genitals.
- Apocrine sweat smells stronger than
eccrine sweat.

Eccrine glands

- Produce the sweat that cools the body.
- Particularly numerous on the forehead,
palms, and soles.

Sweat

Odorless until after it has been broken
down by bacteria on the skin surface.

Suberin

- Waxy, waterproof substance.
- Protects the plant from losing water and
prevents gases from passing in and out.

Cork

- Dead cells
- Contain a waterproof chemical and are
not covered by a waxy cuticle.

Periderm

- Outer areas of the bark.

Bark

- Made up of circular layers of tissues that
lie outside the woody core.

Inner bark

- Transport sugar from the leaves, store
food, and transport it to other parts of
the plant (phloem).

Skeleton

- Gives physical support and protection
for the body.

Hydrostatic skeleton

Support the body with a liquid.

Exoskeleton

- Hard external covering.
- Rigid in corals but variously jointed and
movable in insects.
- Serve as a defensive armor.