Medical Terminology - Chapter 13

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109 Terms

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ambyl/o
dull, dim
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aque/o
water
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blast/o
immature
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blephar/o
eyelid
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chromat/o
color
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conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
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corne/o or kerat/o
cornea
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cycl/o
ciliary body
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dacry/o
tears
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dipl/o
double
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emmetr/o
correct
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glauc/o
gray
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ir/o or irid/o
iris
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lacrim/o
tears
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macul/o
macula lutea
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mi/o
lessening
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mydr/i
widening
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nyctal/on
night
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ocul/o or opthalm/o or opt/o or optic/o
eye/vision
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papill/o
optic disk
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phac/o
lens
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phot/o
light
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presby/o
old age
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pupill/o p
pupil
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retin/o
retina
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scler/o
sclera
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stigmat/o
point
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uve/o
choroid
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vitre/o
glassy
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\-ician
specialist
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\-opia or -opsia
vision condition
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\-tropia
turned condition
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eso-
inward
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exo-
outward
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myo-
to shut
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eyeball
organ of sight that transmits an external image by using optic nerve to the brain

other structures play a role in vision: lacrimal apparatus, conjunctiva, eyelids, eye muscles
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eyeball layers
sclera, choroid, retina
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sclera
provides a tough protective coating for the inner structures of the eye (white of the eye)

anterior portion: cornea (bends or refracts light rays to allow light to enter interior of the eyeball)
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choroid
opaque layer that delivers blood supply to the eye

consists of iris, pupil, and ciliary body
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iris
colored portion of eye that contains smooth muscle, contract or relax to change size of pupil
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ciliary body
a ring of smooth muscle that is attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments

* contracts or relaxes to pull on the edge of the lens, changing shape of lens so it can focus incoming light onto the retina
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retina
contains rods and cones that respond to light rays
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rods
active in dim light and help to see gray tones
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cones
active only in bright light and responsible for color vision
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macula lutea
“yellow spot” where the image from the lens falls on (part of retina)

* contains fovea centralis which is a central pit containing a high concentration of sensory receptor cells and is the point of clearest vision
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optic disk
this is the point where the retinal blood vessels enter and exit the eyeball and where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball
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aqueous humor versus vitreous humor
a water fluid versus a semisolid gel that is in between the cornea and lens
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eyeball muscles
6 muscles connect to the actual eyeball to the skull, they provide support for the eyeball in the eye socket

* 4 rectus and 2 oblique
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eyelids
protection against foreign eyeballs, contains cilia (eyelashes to protect eye)

* sebaceous glands located in eyelids lubricating oil onto the eyeballs
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conjunctiva
mucuosu membrane lining that forms continuous covering on the underside of each eyelid and across the anterior surface of each eyeball

* protection for the eye by sealing off the eyeball in the socket
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lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal gland is located under the upper corner of each eyelid to produce tears which wash and lubricate the anterior surface of the eyeball

* lacrimal canals drain into nasolacrimal duct and into the nasal cavity
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vision requires proper functioning of what four mechanisms

1. coordination of the external eye muscles
2. the correct amount of light admitted by the pupil
3. the correct focus of lifhtr on the reitna
4. the optic nerve transmitting sensory images to brain
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pathway of light through eye

1. past through cornea, pupil, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor
2. then strike the retina and stimulate rods and cones
3. upside down image is sent along nerve impulses to the optic nerve
4. optic nerve transmits these impulses to the brain where it is rtanslated to the right side up image being looked at
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blepharoptosis
drooping eyelid
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cycloplegia
paralysis of ciliary body that changes shape of lens and makes it difficult to bring images into focus
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diplopia
seeing double
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emmetropia
state of normal vision
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iridoplegia
paralysis of the iris that changes size of pupil making it difficult to regulate how much light is being let in
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nyctalopia
difficulty seeing in dim light
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papilledema
swelling of the optic disk
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presbyopia
expected changes in vision due to normal aging process, resulting in difficulty in focusing for near vision
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achromatopsia
severe congenital deficiency in color vision
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amblyopia
loss of vision not as result of eye pathology
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astigmatism
condition in which light rays are focused unevenly on the retina causing distorted image due to the abnormal curvature of the cornea
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glaucoma
increase in intraocular pressure which if untreated, may result in atrophy
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hyperopia
with this condition person can see things in distance but has trouble reading material at a close range
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myopia
with this condition person can see things close up but distance vision is blurred also known as nearsightedness
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oculomycosis
fungus infection of eye
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uveitis
inflammation of the choroid layer
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pterygium
hypertrophied conjunctival tissue in inner corner of the eye
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dacryoadenitis
inflammation father lacrimal gland
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esotropia
inward turning of the eye
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strabismus
eye muscle weakness commonly seen in children resulting in eyes looking in different directions at the same time
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hemianopia
loss of vision in half of visual field
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nystagmus
jerky appearing involuntary eye movements
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acous/o or audi/o or audit/o
hearing
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aur/o auricul/o ot/o
ear
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ceramic/o
cerumen
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cochle/o
cochlea
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labyrinth/o
labyrinth
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myring/o
tympanic membrane
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salping/o
auditory tube
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staped/o
stapes
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tympan/o
tympanic membrane
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vestibul/o
vestibule
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\-cusis
hearing
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\-otia
ear condition
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ear
responsible for two senses: hearing and equilibrium

* sensory info carried to brain through vestibulocochlear nerve
* divided in external, middle, and inner ear
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external ear
3 parts: auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane
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auricle
called pinna commonly the ear because it is the visible portion, earlobe functions like a funnel to capture sound waves 

* go past the outer ear and channel them through the external auditory meatus
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auditory canal
sounds moves along this canal and causes tympanic membrane to vibrate - earwax or cerumen is produced in seb glands here that helps to protect and lubricate the ear, self cleaning
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tympanic membrane (eardrum)
separates the external ear from middle ear
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middle ear
located in a small cavity in the temporal bone of the skull

* contains tiny bones called ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes are vital to the hearing as they amplify vibrations in the middle ear and transmit them to the inner ear from the malleus to the incus and the finally to the stapes (attached to the oval window)
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eustachian tube (auditory tube)
connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear, this tube opens when swallowing to allow pressure to equalize between middle ear cavity and atmospheric pressure
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inner ear
located in a cavity within the temporal bone

* referred to as a labyrinth
* first structure is the vestibule
* then the cochlea (sensory organ for hearing)
* semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule (sensory organs for equilibrium) open off the vestibule
* contains hair cells in cochlea called organ of Corti
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Pathway of hearing

1. sounds waves traveling down the external auditory canal strike eardrum causing vibration
2. ossicles conduct these vibrations across the middle ear to the oval window
3. oval window movements initiate vibrations I the fluid that fills the cochlea
4. as fluid vibrations strike the hair cell, they bend small hairs and stimulate the nerve ending
5. the nerve ending sends an electrical impulse to the brain on the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve

1. sounds waves traveling down the external auditory canal strike eardrum causing vibration 
2. ossicles conduct these vibrations across the middle ear to the oval window 
3. oval window movements initiate vibrations I the fluid that fills the cochlea 
4. as fluid vibrations strike the hair cell, they bend small hairs and stimulate the nerve ending
5. the nerve ending sends an electrical impulse to the brain on the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve
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conductive hearing loss
refers to disease or malformation of the outer or middle ear, all sound if weaker and muffled hearing loss
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sensorineural hearing loss
result of damage or malformation of the inner ear or cochlear nerve, sounds are distorted and heard incorrectly
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macrotia
large ears
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otalgia
ear pain