Biology DAT

n

ATP synthase is found in the

mitochondria

### Which organelle would be strongly expressed in cells that produce and export a large amount of protein hormones?

A. Central vacuole

B. Golgi apparatus

C. Mitochondria

D. Lysosomes

E. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

most common structural protein within the extracellular matrix?

collagen

### main factor that limits the size of bacterial cells?

surface area to volume ratio

what process uses topoisiomerase

DNA replication

### What type of bond maintains the structure of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets in secondary protein structure?

A. 

Disulfide bonds

B. 

Hydrogen bonds

C. 

Hydrophobic interactions

D. 

Ionic bonds

E. 

Peptide bonds

hydrogen bonds

### The second law of thermodynamics suggests that entropy within the universe continually increases. However, developing organisms gradually become more organized. What can living things do that makes this possible?

A. 

Lowering activation energy by using enzymes

B. 

Use external energy sources

C. 

Create energy

D. 

Violate the second law of thermodynamics

use external energy sources

### A specialized enzyme degrades disulfide bonds. Which macromolecule would most likely be degraded by this enzyme?

A. DNA

B. Glycogen

C.Proteins

D. Lipids

E. RNA

proteins

###

What is a triglyceride composed of?

3 FA and 1G

### Which of the following correctly describes a ribozyme?

A. 

Complex of RNA molecules that are capable of catalysis

B. 

Complex of both RNA and protein molecules that function in protein synthesis

C. 

Sugar component of an RNA nucleotide

D. 

Protein component of the ribosome

E. 

Protein enzyme that catalyzes ribosome formation

complex of RNA molecules that are capable of catalysis

### All of the following are mechanisms for enzymes catalyzing reactions EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. 

Conformational changes that bring reactive groups closer

B. 

The presence of acidic or basic groups

C. 

Induced fit of the enzyme-substrate complex

D. 

Electrostatic attractions between the enzyme and substrate

E. 

Donating reactant groups

### donating reactant groups

### What are the effects of a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A. 

KM increases; Vmax stays the same

B. 

KM increases; Vmax decreases

C. 

KM stays the same; Vmax increases

D. 

KM stays the same; Vmax decreases

E. 

KM decreases; Vmax decreases

KM stays the same; Vmax decreases

Which of the following would you expect to find the LEAST amount of in the cell membrane?

proteins

carbs

DNA

phospholipids

DNA

### Which cellular component would you find in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A. Nucleus

B. Mitochondria

C. Endoplasmic reticulum

D. Ribosome

E. Lysosome

ribosome

what would occur if a RBC is places in distilled water

Burst

### All of the following eukaryotic organelles contain a membrane EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. Mitochondria

B. Endoplasmic reticulum

C. Centrioles

D. Lysosome

E. Golgi complex

centrioles

All of the following eukaryotic cellular structures are correctly paired with their function EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

ribosome- protein translation

smooth endo- lipid sysnthesis

peroxisomes- reduction of reactive oxy. species

centrosome- protein modification

golgi- cellular transport

centrosome- protein modification

### What cellular component is NOT membrane-bound?

A. Lysosome

B. Mitochondrion

C. Nucleus

D. Ribosome

E. Vacuole

ribosome

### Which of the following best describes the function of microfilaments?

A. They function in different types of cell movement

**B.** 

They maintain the structural integrity of chromosomes

C. 

They form basal bodies 

D. 

They function as molecules that store information

E. 

They generate membrane potentials

They function in different types of cell movement

### An unknown substance has a high concentration of hydrophobic regions. Where in the cell would you most likely find the substance?

A. Microtubule

B. Nucleus

C. Cell membrane

D. Ribosome

E. Cytosol

\

cell membrane

### What proteins do integrins use to connect cells to the extracellular matrix?

A. Desmosomes and fibronectin

B. Adherens junctions and connexins

C. Cadherins and connexins

D. Dynein and cadherins

E. Laminin and fibronectin

\

Laminin and fibronectin

### The degeneration of microfilaments would most likely affect which structure?

A. Spindle fibers

B. Lysosomes

C. Extracellular matrix

D. Chromosomes

E. Muscle cells

Muscle cells

### A sample of cells is placed in a 3.4% salt solution. The cells are observed to become smaller and wrinkled in shape due to water loss. Which of the following does this indicate?

A. The cells are hypotonic to the 3.4% salt solution

B. The cells are hypertonic to the 3.4% salt solution

C. The cells are isotonic to the 3.4% salt solution

The cells are hypotonic to the 3.4% salt solution

function of cholestrol in cell membrane

membrane fluidity

where is cell translation and then packaging respectively

rough er, golgi

eukaryotic flagella are made of _____, prokaryotic flagella are made of

tubulin, flagellin

### Which of the following is derived from cholesterol?

A. 

Adenine

B. 

Triglyceride

C. 

Pepsin

D

Testosterone

\

testosterone

### What of the following correctly describes the second law of thermodynamics?

A. 

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

B. 

The entropy of a system at absolute zero is zero

C. 

All systems must increase in entropy, and this prevents organisms from evolving

**D.** 

The entropy of an isolated system always increases

The entropy of an isolated system always increases

### The movement of water-soluble molecules attached to carrier proteins from higher to lower concentrations across the cell membrane is called

A. simple diffusion.

B. osmosis.

**C.** facilitated transport.

D. active transport,

E. pinocytosis.

\

facilitated transport.

### If a eukaryotic cell were to be centrifuged, all of the following would be expected to be found EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. Flagella

B. Cellulose

C. Vacuole

D. Cytoskeleton

E. Peptidoglycan

\

E. Peptidoglycan

### How are chloroplasts and mitochondria similar?

A. Generate ATP through cellular respiration

B. Electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane

C. Possess their own DNA

D. Low pH in the intermembrane space

E. Synthesize carbohydrates

possess own DNA

### Which of the following describes saltwater fish relative to their environment?

A. Hypertonic

B. Isotonic

C. Hypotonic

D. Entropic

hypotonic

function of desmosomes

cell cell adhesion and mechical stability

molecular digestion within animal cells

lysosome

### All of the following are true of protein denaturation EXCEPT for one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. Can occur due to pH changes

B. Can be a reversible process

C. 3D structure is necessary for normal function

D. Can retain partial function while denatured

E. Primary structure is retained

Can retain partial function while denatured

### How many hydrogen bonds would be present in the following double-stranded DNA molecule?

### ACCG

### TGGC

A. 4

B. 9

**C. 11**

D. 13

E. 15

11

age of universe \`

13\.8 billion years

### After denaturation of a protein, all of the following changes can be expected EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. 

Breakdown of primary structure

B. 

Change in three-dimensional shape

C. 

Dissociation of protein subunits

D. 

Loss of biological activity

E. 

Unfolding of tertiary structure

breakdown of pirmary structure

### Which of the following enzymatic sites is targeted during noncompetitive inhibition?

A. 

Active site

B. 

Substrate

C. 

Allosteric site

D. 

Cofactor

\

allosteric site

### Which of the following is a monomer?

A. Amino acid

B. Hemoglobin

C. Deoxyribonucleic acid

D. Glycogen

E. Chitin

amino acid

### Which level of protein structure is characterized by the formation of β-pleated sheets?

A. Primary structure

B. Secondary structure

C. Tertiary structure

D. Quaternary structure

\

Secondary structure

### A defining characteristic of protein primary structure is

A. 

α-helices.

B. 

disulfide bonds.

C. 

hydrogen bonding.

D. 

multiple polypeptide chains.

**E.** 

peptide linkages.

peptide linkages.

### Which of the following is a component of sphingolipid structure?

A. Aliphatic amino alcohols

B. Six-carbon ring at each end

C. Conjugated double bonds

D. Short tail

E. Ester linkages

Aliphatic amino alcohols

### Which of the following describes cellulose, glycogen, and starch?

A. 

Proteins

B. 

Water soluble

C. 

Linked internally by hydrogen bonds

**D.** 

Polymers of glucose

E. 

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms

polymers of glucose

### Which of the following describes competitive inhibition?

A. 

Another enzyme completes the same reaction and uses the available reactant

B. 

An inhibitor binds to the active site and prevents the reactant from binding

C. 

A metal cofactor binds to the active site and prevents the reactant from binding

D. 

An inhibitor binds to the enzyme and prevents it from acting as a catalyst

An inhibitor binds to the active site and prevents the reactant from binding

### Which of the following processes leads to the formation of a glycosidic bond?

A. Hydrolysis

B. Cyclization

C. Dehydration

D. Depolymerization

E. Saturation

dehydration

### Which type of bond holds opposing DNA strands together?

**A.** 

**Hydrogen bonds**

B. 

Ionic bonds

C. 

Phosphodiester bonds

D. 

Covalent bonds

E. 

Disulfide bonds

hydrogen bonds

### Which of the following biological macromolecules can be visualized with a marker that highlights phosphorous atoms?

A. 

Carbohydrates

B. 

Triglycerides

C. 

Nucleic acids

D. 

Proteins

nucleic acids

Which of the following directly determines the primary structure of proteins?

A. R-group interactions

B. Hydrogen bonds

C. Ribosomes

D. mRNA nucleotide sequence

E. Number of subunits

\

D. mRNA nucleotide sequence

### All of the following are considered evidence supporting the RNA world hypothesis EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. 

Modern viruses can use RNA as genetic material

B. 

RNA's ability to self-replicate

C. 

RNA's capacity to catalyze chemical reactions

D. 

RNA's high stability

E. 

The presence of ribozymes in modern organisms

RNA's high stability

### Which of the following describes when the end product of an enzymatic reaction inhibits the enzyme?

A. Chain reaction

B. Competitive inhibition

**C.** Feedback regulation

D. Induced fit theory

E. Positive loop

\

Feedback regulation

### What would be an indication of a non-competitive inhibitor?

A. 

KM increases

B. 

KM decreases

C. 

Vmax increases

D. 

Vmax decreases

**Vmax decreases**

### Which molecule spontaneously forms lipid bilayers when placed in an aqueous environment? 

A. 

Cholesterol

B. 

Triglycerides

C. 

Sphingolipids

D. 

Phospholipids

E. 

Nucleic acids

Phospholipids

### What is true of endergonic reactions in biological systems?

A. 

They are almost always catabolic reactions

B. 

They are always spontaneous reactions

C. 

They can be driven forward via coupling to an exergonic reaction

D. 

They decrease the overall entropy of the universe

E. 

They typically result in a net release of free energy

They can be driven forward via coupling to an exergonic reaction

### How will the rate of catalysis change as more substrate is added and enzymes are competitively inhibited?

A. 

Linearly increase indefinitely

B. 

Linearly increase until the active sites begin to saturate

C. 

Linearly decrease due to inhibition at allosteric sites

D. 

Remain inhibited unless more enzymes are added

E. 

Remain inhibited permanently

Linearly increase until the active sites begin to saturate

### All of the following are true of enzymes EXCEPT for one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. 

Can change shape 

B. 

Binds to non-specific substrates

C. 

Denature at lower pH

D. 

Use cofactors

E. 

Decrease activation energy

Binds to non-specific substrates

### Which of the following is a component of the modern cell theory?

A. 

All cells have the same structure and function

B**.** 

All life is composed of one or more cells 

C. 

Cells arise spontaneously from viruses

D. 

The genome is the basic structural unit of life

All life is composed of one or more cells 

Radioactively labeled deoxycytidine triphosphate is inserted into a cell. Where would radioactive traces be found?

DNA

In eukaryotes, where does the Krebs cycle take place?

mitochondrial matrix

Cellular respiration is

exergonic

During aerobic respiration, which of the following processes occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

*E. coli* is a facultative anaerobe. In the absence of oxygen, which of the following processes will *E. coli* use?

glycolysis and fermentation

*Which pathway represents the movement of protons during the generation of ATP in aerobic respiration?* 

intermembrane space to matrix

### How are beta-oxidation and glycolysis similar?

require energy investment

Which of the following represents the type of energy stored within glycogen?

potential energy

What molecule is formed by pyruvate decarboxylation, and where in the cell does it take place?

acetyl CoA; matrix

A professional athlete performs a high-intensity workout. During this workout, the athlete experiences a temporary decrease in _________ availability, which results in the production of higher amounts of _________.

oxygen, lactate

where does pyruvate oxidation occur

cytosol

### During anaerobic glycolysis and fermentation in muscle cells, one mole of glucose is synthesized into which of the following?

two moles lactate

final product of glycolysis

pyruvate

### Which of the following molecules is correctly linked with its direct catabolic process?

A. Glucose - gluconeogenesis

**B. Fatty acids - beta-oxidation**

C. Steroids - urea cycle

D. Amino acids - glycolysis

E. Triglycerides - glycogenolysis

B

### Endergonic reactions are

### **A. spontaneous and require energy.**

B. spontaneous and release energy.

C. nonspontaneous and require energy.

D. nonspontaneous and release energy.

nonspontaneous and require energy

### Which of the following describes a catabolic process?

A. 

Anabolic

B. 

Endergonic

C. 

Exergonic

D. 

Non-spontaneous

\

exergonic

### Which of the following generates the most ATP per carbon when metabolized?

A. 

Polysaccharides

B. 

Proteins

C. 

Nucleic acids

D. 

Lipids

E. 

Monosaccharides

\

lipids

### Two jars containing yeast are left to grow in sugar solution. One of the jars is sealed and the other is left open. Taking into account that yeast are facultative anaerobes, which of the following would be found in the sealed jar, but not the open jar?

A. 

*Pyruvate*

B. 

Glucose

C. 

Ethanol

D. 

Lactic acid

E. 

Fructose-6-phosphate

\

ethanol

###

### During which phases of respiration is ATP produced?

A. 

Glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation

B. 

Pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle

C. 

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

D. 

Pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

E. 

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

\

**Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation**

### Which process uses a series of redox reactions to transfer protons across a membrane?

A. 

Glycolysis

B. 

Krebs cycle

C. 

Alcohol fermentation

D. 

Electron transport chain

E. 

Lactic acid fermentation

Electron transport chain

### What are the net products of pyruvate oxidation from each glucose molecule?

A. 

O2, NADH, acetyl-CoA

B. 

CO2, NADH, acetyl-CoA

C. 

GTP, NAD+, acetyl-CoA

D. 

GTP, NADH, FADH2, acetyl-CoA

CO2, NADH, acetyl-CoA

### Which of the following steps does NOT require mitochondrial enzymes?

A. 

Citric acid cycle

B. 

Electron transport chain

C. 

Glycolysis

D. 

Beta oxidation

E. 

Oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

### Which product is common to both glycolysis and the electron transport chain?

A. 

Pyruvate

B. 

CO2

C. 

ATP

D. 

NADH

E. 

NAD+

ATP

### Which of the following describes the endosymbiotic theory?

A. 

Eukaryotic cells are the earliest form of life

B. 

Eukaryotic cells contain a primordial prokaryotic cell 

C. 

Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane 

D. 

All eukaryotic organelles are derived from prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain a primordial prokaryotic cell 

### A bacterium prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, but can also survive in the absence of oxygen. What is this bacterium an example of?

A. 

Microaerophile

B. 

Obligate aerobe

C. 

Obligate anaerobe

D. 

Facultative anaerobe

E. 

Aerotolerant organism

facultative anaerobe

### Where would beta-oxidation occur in an animal cell?

A. 

Mitochondrial matrix 

B. 

Mitochondrial intermembrane space

C. 

Cytosol

D. 

Thylakoid lumen

E. 

Thylakoid membrane

mitochondrial matrix

When FAD gains electrons it is 

reduced

### If the body is depleted of glycogen, which of the following processes can produce glucose from amino acids?

A. 

Ketogenesis

B. 

Glycogenesis

C. 

Gluconeogenesis

D. 

Glycolysis

E. 

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

### As far as the products are concerned, biosynthetic reactions in living cells result in

A. 

a less ordered state, and an increase in entropy.

B. 

a more ordered state, and an increase in entropy.

C. 

a more ordered state, and a decrease in entropy.

D. 

the release of energy in the form of ATP.

E. 

the release of energy for cellular motion.

a more ordered state, and a decrease in entropy.

### Which of the following reacts with lipase?

A. Nucleic acids

B. Adipose tissue

C. Glycogen

D. Bone

E. Actin

\

adipose tissue

### Fermentation

A. 

results in the production of pyruvic acid.

B. 

occurs only in the presence of oxygen.

C. 

prevents glycolysis from occurring.

D. 

produces glucose from ethanol.

**E.** 

yields less ATP per molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration.

yields less ATP per molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration.

does bacteria have telomerase

no

### Which of the following correctly ranks the genetic structures in order from smallest to largest?

A. Gene, nucleotide, genome, chromosome, nucleus

B. Nucleotide, nucleus, gene, genome, chromosome

C. Nucleotide, gene, chromosome, genome, nucleus

D. Nucleus, nucleotide, gene, genome, chromosome

\

C. Nucleotide, gene, chromosome, genome, nucleus

### Which of the following organelles would be affected if the process of protein glycosylation was inhibited?

A. Mitochondria

B. Ribosome

C. Cytoplasm

D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

E. Nucleus

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which cell-cell junctions are often described as being found in tissues of the heart?

gap junctions

which organelle is the smallest in size

ribosome

Associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis

clathrin

### Which of the following proteins is involved in motility? 

A. Trypsin 

B. Isomerase

C. Lamins

D. Dynein 

E. Peroxidase

Dynein 

C3 photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic

endergonic

### Which of the following occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

A. ATP is synthesized from ADP and phosphate

B. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds

C. Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate

D. Oxaloacetate is transformed into citrate

E. Water is split to release electrons

\

carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds