EXPH 4189 - Ergogenic Aids Memorizable Slides Content

ergogenic aids definition

things that enhance performance

typical categories of ergogenic aids

mechanical, psychological, physiological, nutritional, pharmacological

what does KK mean by poor diet?

certain components of a diet are lacking meaning that they are missing a lot of nutrients

what does KK mean by inadequate diet?

that it is a good diet that meets the RDAs, but it is not enough calories (amount of food) for what somebody is doing (intense training)

why did we emphasis why breakfast is usually needed/why it is considered the most important meal of the day?

eating full, balanced meals three times a day helps to prevent eating late at night which is typically more processed foods since they are easier to grab

what did ancient greek olympians use as an ergogenic aid?

ate mushrooms and elaborate potions

what did european cyclists use in the late 1800s as ergogenic aids?

took heroin/cocaine "speedballs" (upper and downer at the same time) and ether-soaked sugar tablets

what did the 1920 olympic 100m dash winner drink before the race?

drank sherry with raw egg

in what years did two cyclists die during a race with amphetamine in their system?

1960 and 1967

what year did the olympics begin testing for stimulants and why only stimulants?

1968 began testing because stimulants were found in the systems of performers during the time of their deaths

when was dianabol developed?

1950s

what is dianabol?

first major steroid that was created for medical applications not performance enhancement

when did the East German female track/swimming dominate?

1970-1980s

when did the US cycling federation ban blood doping?

1985

what happened at the 2000 Sydney Olympics?

7 chinese athletes removed from team, bulgarian and romanian weightlifting teams expelled, and USATF relinquished drug testing after being slow to reveal positive tests

what happened after the 2003 world series?

MLB anonymously drug tested players with over 100 players testing positive for steroids

what happened with BALCO?

developed a tweaked version of the banned steroid THG that was undetectable by normal androgen tests of the time and given to athletes as a supplement, so it is unknown if every athlete was aware that they were taking performance enhancement steroids

true or false: steroids can be absorbed by the body transdermally?

true

what else can get athletes in trouble for testing positive of that is not a direct steroid?

diuretics that can mask steroid and other drug uses, which means if tested positive they can be banned under the suspicion that the diuretic was taken to mask other uses

example of mechanical ergogenic aid

"super shoes" with carbon fiber plates

example of psychological ergogenic aid

hypnosis, mental imaging, music

example of physiological ergogenic aid

altitude exposure, blood doping

example of nutritional ergogenic aid

vitamins/minerals, creatine

example of pharmacological ergogenic aid

anabolic steroids, EPO

what are the generally agreed on banned compounds?

stimulants, anabolic agents, peptide hormones, narcotics, diuretics and urine manipulating agents

what does USADA stand for?

United States Anti-Doping Agency

what does WADA stand for?

World Anti-Doping Agency

what is the USADA mission?

preserve the well-being of olympic sport, integrity of competition, and ensuring the health of athletes

what are the four primary areas that the USADA focuses on?

research, education, testing, results management

ergogenic target sites

muscle mass, muscle contraction (nerve, ec coupling), delay fatigue, substrate availability, energy availability (more immediate, fat use, or CHO sparring), control muscle soreness or pain, temp regulation, hydration, electrolyte balance, oxygen delivery (airway, capillary vasodilation), blood volume

targets of ergogenic aids for fatigue for power/speed events

muscle mass, CNS and sympathetic stimulation, acidosis, depletion of PCr

targets of ergogenic aids for fatigue for endurance events

muscle glycogen depletion, lactate threshold/accumulation (acidosis), low blood [glucose], fat oxidation rate, diminished O2 delivery, dehydration

endurance training adaptations

increase VO2 max (~15%), increase cardiac output (~15%), increase mitochondrial volume (2x), lactate threshold shifted to higher intensity, increase ability to use fats (spares glycogen)

how would you increase muscle mass?

stimuli of >75% 1RM, increased protein synthesis, decreased protein degradation

what does increasing protein synthesis involve?

mTOR signaling, DNA, RNA, protein translation

how would you increase stimuli for increasing muscle mass?

training and creatine

what would increasing creatine do for increasing muscle mass?

allows slightly higher training load and retains water making muscles look larger because they are full of water not necessarily more protein

how would you increase protein synthesis for increasing muscle mass?

increased protein intake, anabolic steroids that specifically target genes boosting synthesis, insulin (weaker), growth hormone (weaker)

how would you decrease protein degradation for increasing muscle mass?

anabolic steroids since they down regulate genes involved in muscle protein breakdown, insulin since its goal is to store things in body so wants to limit breakdown

metabolic acidosis _ to fatigue

contributes

intramuscular effects of acidosis

decrease in PFK, phosphorylase, decrease in Ca2+ sensitivity, decrease in cross-bridge force output (produce less force), decrease ATP turnover, slows recovery rate

effects of bicarbonate loading

increase (more basic) in plasma pH which is transmitted to muscles and minimizes acidosis, speeds H+ and La- transport from muscle

why did not all studies report performance benefits to bicarbonate loading?

dependent on dosing, benefits maximal exercise of 1-10 min, caused GI distress making it likely it would never be used

ways an ergogenic aid would increase O2 delivery

blood doping via transfusion (self or donor), breathing 100% O2, EPO (epogen, procrit), roxadustat, altitude and training (live high, train low)

roxadustat

brand name Evrenzo, an anti-anemia medication that is HIF prolylhydroxylase inhibitor that increases endogenous production of EPO

how can a tester tell that someone did blood doping?

there will be a bump up of certain aged blood cells

two ways to increase energy supply

carbohydrate availability, creatine

is creatine essential?

no, it is non-essential because the liver makes it

where can you find creatine naturally?

in animal products, primarily meat

what are the prominent spots where supplementing creatine increases cellular levels

in muscle (95%), and in brain and nervous tissues

what are the benefits of creatine?

increased volume of training, increased muscle mass, increased repeat sprint performance (more means quicker creatine phosphate resynthesis), may benefit brain health

what are stimulants used for?

cognition (focus, alertness, fatigue resistance), improved reaction time, as sympathomimetics

sympathomimetics

stimulating the sympathetic nervous system

examples of stimulants

amphetamine (inc adderall), ephedrine/pseudoephedrine (ephedra - Ma Huang), methylphenidate (inc Ritalin), cocaine, modafinil (aka Provigil), caffeine

caffeine may enhance maximal performance if the activity is what?

less than five minutes or more than thirty minutes

what side effects of caffeine may cause a decrease in performance?

insomnia, heart palpitations, tremors, anxiety, nervousness, GI distress

is caffeine legal in sports?

intake no longer restricted, except by NCAA

what are the NCAA rules for caffeine?

15 mcg/ml of urine

examples of anabolic agents

anabolic steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), growth hormone and GNRH, beat-HMB

what do SARMs do?

make more receptors in body to the steroids naturally in the body have greater effects

what is meldonium?

a metabolic modulator that probably increases angiogenesis so it is used to treat coronary artery disease and is an anti-ischemic

what is a therapeutic use exception (TUE)?

something that is banned that can be used only if it is prescribed for a condition

example of a TUE

albuterol in an inhaler for an athlete with asthma