Human Biology Semester 1

Cells

Basic unit of life

Cytoplasm

An organelle made up of 75-90% of water

Cytosol

Liquid part of cytoplasm

Cell membrane

the outer membrane of a cell that controls what enter and exits the cell

Golgi apparatus

an organelle that modifies and packages proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum

an organelle that is covered with ribosomes and functions to transport materials

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

no ribosomes and function to transport materials

centrioles

an organelle that usually comes in pairs that aids in cell division

lysosome

an organelle that digest substance

nucleus

an organelle that controls the function of cell

nucleolus

found inside the nucleus, contains genetic material

ribosome

synthesise protein

mitochondria

an organelle that aids in cell respiration

vesicles

sacs containing waste and other products

Anaerobic

a process that does not require oxygen

aerobic

a process that requires oxygen

Anabolic reaction

A reaction that requires energy

Catabolic reaction

a reaction that does not require energy

Channel proteins

allow simple diffusion occur

Receptor proteins

Allow cell to respond to stimuli

Recognition proteins

using oligosaccharides to identity substances

carrier proteins

allow facilitated diffusion and active transport

transport proteins

regulate the movement of water and soluble ions

Hydrophilic

interact well with water

Hydrophobic

Does not interact well with water

Active transport

an active movement that allows a substance to move from a lower to a higher concentration gradient

Simple diffusion

A passive movement that allows a solute to move from a higher to a lower concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

A diffusion that requires the assistance of protein

osmosis

A passive movement that allows solvents (water) to move from a higher to a lower concentration gradient

Glycolisis

An anaerobic process occurring in the cytoplasm that results on 2 ATP (4 yields 2 ATP) and 2 NADH

Krebs cycle

The aerobic process occurring in the mitochondria matrix that results in 2 ATP and 6 NADH

Electron transport chain

The aerobic process that occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and results in 34 ATP

Aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -\> 6CO2 +6H2O

Tissues

A group of cells with a similar structure that performs a function

Epithelial tissue

A type of tissue that lines and protect the body from external harm

Muscle tissue

A type of tissue that aids in the movement of body

Connective tissue

A type of tissue that connects the body

Nervous tissue

A type of tissue that control the functions of the body

Enzymes

Biological catalysts made up of proteins that increase the rate of reaction by reducing the amount of energy required to start a reaction

Active site

A part of enzyme that binds with its substrate

Lock and key model

A model that shows that when after enzyme binds with the substrate at the active site, it creates an enzyme-substrate complex and then results in products

SA:Vol ratio

A factor that affects exchange in cells. The increase in the ratio will allow efficient exchange

Concentration gradient

A factor that affects exchange in cells. The high gradient should be maintained to achieve efficiency

Thickness of membrane

A factor that affects exchange in cells. Cell membranes should be thin to allow efficient exchange

Optimum level

levels of pH and temperature that allows an enzyme to work at its full capacity

Factors affecting enzyme activity

pH level, temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and inhibitors

Competitive inhibitors

inhibitors that compete with a substrate to bind at the active site

Non-competitive inhibitor

Inhibitors that bind on places other than the active site

denature

when the active site permanently changes shape so it cannot bind with the substrate anymore

Lipase

A type of enzyme that breaks down fat (lipids) into fatty acid and glycerol

Protease

A type of enzyme that breaks down protein into amino acids

Amylase

A type of enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides

Carbohydrate

A compound made up of C, H, and O that act as the main source of energy

Fats

A compound made up of C, H, and O that act as energy storage

Protein

A compound made up of C, H, O, P, and S that acts as catalysts, transport, and source of energy.

Vitamins

Organic substances required for a properly functioning body

Minerals

inorganic substances that assist metabolism

Chemical digestion

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones with the assistance of an enzyme

Mechanical digestion

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones without changing its molecular structure

Mouth

Ingest food into the body, first digestion of starch

Mastication

The process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth

Bolus

A rounded mass of food resulted from the digestion in the mouth

Peristalsis

the contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscle that pushes the food down

Stomach

first digestion of protein

oblique

Third layer of muscle in the stomach

Pyloric sphincter

A ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

Small intestine

Completes the digestion and absorbs the nutrients into the body

Villi

Fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increases the surface area for absorption

microvilli

thin projections of the villi that further increases the rate of absorption

lacteals

located inside the villi, absorbs fatty acid and glycerol

Large intestine

Absorbs water and vitamins

Rectum

An organ that stores faeces before being expelled

Anus

A muscular ring that allows faeces to be expelled

appendix

A part of the large intestine that has no function

Pancreas

An organ that secretes pancreatic juice that aids in digestion

Liver

An organ that produces bile

Gall bladder

An organ that concentrates and stores bile

Bile

A yellowish-green substance that emulsifies fat into fat droplets to increase the surface area to volume ration

metabolism

the sum of all reactions happening in the body at a period of time

Phagocytosis

a type of endocytosis that engulfs food particles into a cell

pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis that involves the transport of fluids into the cell

Endocytosis

The process of engulfing particles into the cell

exocytosis

A process of removing substances from the cell

Red blood cells

erythrocytes contain haemoglobin and transport oxygen and nutrient across the body

white blood cells

leucocytes contain a large nucleus and protect the body from foreign materials

Plasma

the liquid part of blood, 55% of total blood volume

platelets

thrombocytes aids in blood clot

haemoglobin

an iron protein that is red in coloraturas and can bind with oxygen (oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide (carbaminohaemoglobin)

granulocytes

A type of leucocytes that fights pathogens and viruses in tissues, dos phagocytosis

monocytes

Mature into macrophages, does phagocytosis

Lymphocytes

B cells and T cells that protect the lymphatic system

Atrium

upper chamber of heart that receives blood

Ventricle

lower changer of the heart that pumps blood into the vessel

Aorta

The largest artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body

Vena cava

The largest vein in the body that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

pulmonary artery

An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Pulmonary vein

veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

atrioventricular valves

valves located between the atria and ventricle and prevent the backflow of blood

semilunar valves

prevent the backflow of blood from the vessels to the ventricles

pericardium

a membrane that surrounds the heart