History Chapter 7

What did Henry Ford do?

introduced a series of ideas that revolutionized production wages and daily life

Mass production

the rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical products

What car did Henry Ford make?

Model T, an affordable car an average person can buy

Where did Henry Ford open a new plant?

Detroit

How did Ford make from working 12 hours on a model T to 90 mins?

he had people make an assembly line

How did this affect the price of the Model T?

dropped the price

What did Henry Fords workers get?

increased wages and Saturday & Sunday off so they can become consumers of his own products

How did the Automobile industry help?

it created growth in other industries such as Steel and Rubber companies

What were built by these companies?

roads, gas stations, motels, diners

How were companies able to sell more products?

“scientific techniques” and pyschological research

What else fueled consumer revolution?

people could buy on credit; could make a down payment and make installments to pay the rest

During the 1920s stock prices rose…

and people bought stocks hoping to be rich

Buying on the margin

make a down payment and paid the rest in installments

With improved mass transportation and use of automobiles, how were cities affected?

cities expanded and more people moved to the suburbs

What kind of problems were there laying ahead?

the wealth in the country was poorly distributed

industrial wages increased slower

corporate salaries

farm incomes declined

How did farmers suffer?

from being in debt and suffering from falling prices

In 1920 who was elected president?

Warren G. Harding

What was Harding’s plegde?

return to normalcy

What did Calvin Coolidge favor?

conservative policies that repelled the growth of business

Return to normalcy had different meanings

\-US would stay out of world affairs

\-return to laissez-faire economics

Who did Harding choose to be the Secretary of the Treasury?

Andrew Mellon

Harding increased the tariffs on imported good so…

Europeans rose the tariffs on American good which weakened both economies

What friends did Harding trust?

Ohio Gang

What kind of people were the Ohio Gang?

dishonest and greedy people who saw their job as a chance to get rich

Who was the Attorney General?

Harry Daughtery

What was Daughtery involved with?

bribes from prisoners, scandals

Who was Albert Fall?

Secretary of the Interior

What did Albert Fall do?

* he transferred oil reserved meant for the NAVY to be used for emergencies
* Once Fall had control of the oil he would lease the property for to oilmen for bribes

How long was Fall sent to jail for?

1 year in prison

How did Harding die?

heart attack

Who became the new president after Harding’s death?

Calvin Coolidge

What did Coolidge follow?

Mellon’s goal of:

* reducing the national debt
* trimming the federal budget
* lowering taxes to give incentives for business

What did different people experience?

Labor Union: wanted higher wages and better working conditions

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African-Americans: discrimination

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Mexican-Americans: low wages, there were efforts to force them to return to Mexico

How did Coolidge address the issues of the people?

did nothing

How did world leaders keep peace after WW1?

Kellog-Briand Pact of 1928: renounced war as a way to solve international disputes

Who did the US want to pay them back for loans during WWI?

France and England; but Germany had to pay first for this to happen

In 1924 the US…

lent money to Germany to pay England and France; England and France than paid the US back with money given from Germany

How many people bought stocks?

4 million people

How was the US divided in the 1920s?

Urban America and Rural America

Urban America…

* showed openness toward social change
* science discoveries

Modernism means

trend to emphasize science and secular value over traditional ideas and religion

Rural America…

* embraced more traditional views on religion, science, and culture
* education was not seen as vital

In urban america what was needed for high paying jobs?

more education

In the 1920s what religion was attacked?

Christianity

Fundamentalism means

some christians reaffirmed their belief in basic truths of their religion

What clashed in the Scopes Trial of 1925?

fundamentalism and modernism

What was an issue of the Scopes Trial?

the study of evolution

In 1925, TN (Tennessee) made it illegal to teach evolution in public schools because?

John Scopes in Dayton, TN taught it so the court made it a new law

Who is John Scopes?

a biology teacher in Dayton, TN who was arrested for teaching evolution; he was found guilty

What did Nativists argue about imigrants?

they took jobs, threatened Americn traditions

What were they unsuccessful with?

not successful in restricting immigrants from Europe

What strengthened the Nativists’ position?

\-Russian revolution

\-WWI

\-Red Scare

What quotas were established to govern immigration from specific countries?

\-Emergency Quota of 1921

\-National Origins Act of 1924

Where did the quotas apply to?

the Southwest and to local economies

What was common work for them?

harvesting crops

When was the KKK group revived and by who?

1915 by a group of angry men

Who did the KKK target?

* African-Americans
* Jews
* Catholics
* immigrants

When did the KKK group wither away?

by the 1920s

Prohibition

the banning of alcohol use

18th Amendment

outlawed alcohol

What was the height of KKK members?

4-5 million

How did people handle the 18th Amendment?

* made their own alcohol
* smuggled from other countries
* bootleggers illegally sold alcohol to consumers

Al Capone was

most famous criminal, a Chicago gang leader, of the era

What did Al Capone do?

* was a business man
* prostitution
* drugs
* murder

What did Prohibition cause?

growth of organized crime

When was Prohibition repealed?

in 1933

What was created during the 1920s?

mass culture

What was the average work week in cities by 1930?

45 hours a week; salaries and wages increased

How many Americans went to watch movies?

60-100 million

What kind of movie did the movie industry make?

silent films

Who was the most famous silent film star?

Charlie Chaplin

What was the first film with sound called and released when?

The Jazz Singer, in 1927

How did the radio affect daily life?

* people would listen to the same songs and dance
* brought distant events to people
* gave people a sense of hope

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What were some nationally famous athletes?

* Babe Ruth
* Red Grange

What was this age of sports called?

the Golden Age of Sports

Charles Lindbergh was…

the first to fly across the atlantic ocean nonstop

How long did it take Lindbergh to cross the atlantic ocean?

33 hours

How did this affect Lindbergh’s life?

* became an instant celebrity


* seen as a daredevil
* became the greatest hero of his time

During this decade what did women challenge?

political, economic, social, and educational boundaries

Where were the first women elected as governors from?

Texas and Wyoming

Women in rural America however

did not experience much change and were still held back; did not have electricity too

In the 1920s a new artistic movement was form called

modernism

How wad the pessimistic skeptic worldview influenced?

destruction caused by WWI

What were American writers of this era called?

Lost Generation

Why were these writers called the Last Generation?

no longer had faith in the cultural guideposts of the victorian era; they were inspired by their “lost” condition to search for the new truths

Author of The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzergerald

Author of A Farewell to Arms

Ernest Hemingway

As a result of WWI…

one million African Americans moved from rural south to the urban north

What did African Americans find in the north?

* better paying jobs and social advancement
* not able to entirely escape racism or oppression
* on averaged lived in the worst area and violence was still a threat

New York City’s Harlem became the focal point of

African Americans and people from Caribbean Islands; blend of different cultures led to new ideas

Marcus Garvey was…

* from Jamaica
* a prominent African American leader
* organized the “Back to Africa” movement
* __**advocated for the separation of Blacks and Whites**__

F. Scott Fitzgerald called the 1920s what?

the Jazz Age

Who gave the 1920s that age?

African Americans

One of the legends during this time was…

Louis Armstrong who played the trumpet

What was Jazz a symbol of?

Jazz was a symbol of the Roaring 20s

What did African American novelists, writers, essayists write about?

the pain and joy of being black in America

Some example of African American writers are

Jean Toomer and Claude McKay

Langston Hughes saw the movement as what?

a celebration of African American culture and life

Zora Neale Hurston wrote about what?

longing for independence of all women

The Harlem Renaissance gave…

a voice to African American culture and jazz