Physics Paper 1 (HM)

John Dalton Theory

• 1st

• Matter is made of invisible particles

JJ Thompson Theory

• 2nd

• Plum pudding model

• Positive charge with lots of little electrons dotted about it

Earnest Rutherford Theory

• 3rd

• positive nucleus is small and electrons orbit it far away

Neils Bohr Theory

• 4th

• Electrons exist in shells around the positive nucleus

James chadwick Theory

• Final

• Neutrons are in the positive nucleus

Bottom number

Atomic Number(Protons)

Top number

Mass number(Protons+Neutrons)

Isotope

Same element but different number of neutrons

Density equation

= Mass/volume

Eureka can

find the volume of a irregular object

Solid

• Regular arrangement

• Vibrate about fixed position

• Cant be compressed

Liquid

• Irregular arrangement

• Able to move past each other

• Cant be compressed

Gas

• Particles are far apart

• Move randomly

• High energy

• Can be compressed

Solid to gas

Sublimation

Internal energy

• sum of kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance

• only one of these can change at a time

Pressure

force/area

To compress a gas you must…

exert a force on it (doing work on a gas)

By heating a gas you…

• Increase the particles kinetic energy

• More pressure as they collide more often

Pressure underwater is due to…

the weight of the column of water above an object pushing down on it

Contact force

When objects are physically touching

• friction

• air resistance

• tension

Non contact force

When not touching

• magnetism

• electrostatic force

• gravity

Scaler

quantity with only magnitude

Vector

quantity with magnitude and direction

Weight

Force that gravity pulls an object down down with

Gravity force

10N/kg

Work done

Energy transferred by a force

Spring

any object that deforms Elastically (returns to original shape)

moment

force x distance from pivot

How do you find speed/velocity on a distance/displacement time graph

Find the gradient

How do you find acceleration on a speed/velocity time graph

Find the gradient

Acceleration

change in velocity / time