the study of life; study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments
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science
knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method
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hypothesis
suggested explanation for an event, which CAN BE TESTED and is FALSIFIABLE
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scientific theory
an exhaustively tested and supported explanation for observations or phenomena
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true
T or F? scientific theories can change as more evidence is accumulated.
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an observation
what does the scientific process typically begin with?
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false
T or F? a hypothesis cannot be tested.
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prediction
once a hypothesis is tested, a \_______ can be made.
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true
T or F? a valid hypothesis must be testable.
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independent variable
the variable(s) that the researcher manipulates.
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dependent variables
the variables that the researcher measures that are potentially impacted by the independent variables.
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control group
contains every feature of the experimental group but is not given the manipulation that is hypothesized about.
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the number of apples collected from each orchard
A scientist testing the effects of a chemical on apple yield sprays an orchard with the chemical. A second orchard does not receive the chemical. In the fall, the number of apples harvested from each orchard is counted. What is the dependent variable?
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a. the amount of chemical that is sprayed on the orchard b. the number of apples collected from each orchard c. the number of trees that are found in each orchard
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false
T or F? there is such thing as a scientific proof.
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true
T or F? science does not and cannot prove anything.
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basic science
seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge; "knowledge for knowledge's sake"
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applied science
aims to use science to solve real-world problems.
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true
T or F? basic and applied science can work together to solve practical problems.
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scientific method
a step-based process that consists of making observations; defining a problem, posing hypotheses, testing these hypotheses, and drawing one or more conclusions.
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a hypothesis must be falsifiable; a hypothesis must be testable
What is missing from this description of a hypothesis?
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" a hypothesis is a statement that makes a prediction" (Select all that apply)
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a. a hypothesis must be falsifiable b. a hypothesis is a guess c. a hypothesis must be testable d. a hypothesis must be provable
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T or F?
All living organisms share NINE key characteristics or functions.
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key characteristics of living organisms
order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, adaption, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution.
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atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system
put the following in structure order:
organ system
cells
tissues
organs
atoms
molecules
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positive response
movement toward a stimulus.
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negative response
movement away from a stimulus.
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duplicate, then divide.
How do single-celled organisms reproduce?
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true
T or F? organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes.
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homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
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atom
the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter.
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molecules
atoms form \_________.
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macromolecules
large molecules that are typically formed by combining smaller units.
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cell
the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.
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they aren't made of cells
why are viruses not considered living?
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prokaryotic; eukaryotic
cells are classified as \_____________ or \__________.
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prokaryotes
single-celled or colonial organisms that do not have membrane-bound nuclei.
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eukaryotes
cells that have membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.
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eukaryotic
The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of \_______________ cells.
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tissues
groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions.
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organs
collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function.
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true
T or F? organs are present in plants and animals.
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organ system
higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.
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true
T or F? organisms are individual living entities.
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microorganisms
single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes are considered organisms and typically referred to as \________________.
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population
all the individuals of a species living within a specific area are collectively called a \____________.
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false
T or F? different populations cannot live in the same specific area.
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community
the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area.
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ecosystem
consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, non-living parts of that environment.
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biosphere
represents the zones of life on earth; includes land, water, and even the atmosphere to a certain extent.
communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems
Which of the following statements is false?
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a. tissues exist within organs which exist within organ systems b. communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems c. organelles exist within cells which exist within tissues d. communities exist within ecosystems which exist in the biosphere
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evolutionary biology
the study of the evolution of living things in everything from the microscopic world to ecosystems.
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phylogenetic tree
a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic and/or physical traits.
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nodes and branches
a phylogenetic tree is composed of \_______ and \________.
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at the branch tips
Where in a phylogenetic tree would you expect to find the organism that had evolved most recently?
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a. at the base b. within the branches c. at the nodes d. at the branch tips
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
what are the three domains under which life on Earth has evolved?
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microbiology
the study of microorganisms; the study of the structure and function of single-celled organisms
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community
At what level of biological organization might a scientist study the interactions of different species of organisms?
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a. cellular b. community c. organismal d. population
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matter
any substance that occupies space and has mass.
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elements
unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions while still maintaining the properties of that element.
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true
T or F? only 92 elements occur naturally.
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chemical symbol
each element is designated by its \___________ \__________ (ex: Ag, H, Na, N).
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oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
what are the four elements common to all living organisms?
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nucleus and the outermost region of the atom
what two regions is an atom composed of?
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protons and neutrons
the nucleus contains \__________ and \___________.
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true
T or F? most of the volume of an atom - greater the 99 percent- is empty space.
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number of protons
what determines an element's atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another?
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number of neutrons
the \____________ \_____ \__________ is variable and results in isotopes.
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isotopes
different forms of the same atom that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess, and thus their mass.
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the number of protons and neutrons
what determines an element's mass number?
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radioisotopes (radioactive isotopes)
isotopes that may emit neutrons, protons, and electrons, and attain a more stable atomic configuration (lower level of potential energy).
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The Bohr Model
an early model of the atom , developed in 1913 by Danish scientist Niels Bohr.
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octet rule
states that with the exception of the innermost shell, that atoms are more stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell.
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valence shell
the outermost electron shell
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true
T or F? all elements are most stable when their outermost shell is filled with electrons according to the octet rule
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product
the substances found at the end of the reaction (usually found on the right side of a chemical equation)
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reactant
the substances used in the beginning of a chemical reaction (usually found on the left side of a chemical equation)
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chemical reaction
when two or more atoms bond together to form molecules or when bonded atoms are broken apart.
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cation
positive ion that is formed by losing electrons.
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anion
negative ion that is formed by gaining electrons.
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electron transfer
the movement of electrons from one element to another.
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ionic bond
formed between ions with opposite charges
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electrolytes
ions necessary for nerve impulse contractions and water balance.
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covalent bond
sharing of electron between electrons causes a \____________ \________ to form.
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polar covalent bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds
what are the two types of covalent bonds?
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polar covalent bond
a bond in which the electrons are unequally shared by the atoms and are attracted more to one nucleus than the other.
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nonpolar covalent bond
form between two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share electrons equally.
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energy
ionic and covalent bonds between elements require \_________ to break.
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hydrogen bonds and van der waals interactions
what are two weak bonds that occur frequently?
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hydrogen bonds
provide many of the critical, life-sustaining properties of water and also stabilize the structure of proteins and DNA.
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DNA
the building block of cells.
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van der waals attractions
can occur between two or more molecules and are dependent on slight fluctuations of the electron densities, which are not always symmetrical around an atom.
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ionic bonds are created between ions; ionic bonds are formed by transfer (receiving or losing) electrons; covalent bonds are the result of the sharing of electrons
How are ionic bonds different from covalent bonds?
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a. ionic bonds are created between ions b. ionic bonds are formed by transfer of (receiving or losing) electrons c. it takes less energy to break an ionic bond d. covalent bonds are the result of the sharing of electrons
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true
T or F? water is polar molecule, with hydrogen atoms acquiring a partial positive charge and the oxygen a partial negative charge.
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