EOSC 114

2022W

kilo

10^3

mega

10^6

giga

10^9

tera

10^12

centi

10^-2

milli

10^-3

micro

10^-6

nano

10^-9

SI unit for time

second

age of the Earth

4.57 Ga

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for EARTHQUAKES

years; minutes

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for VOLCANOES

decades; days

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for HURRICANE

months; days

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for THUNDERSTORMS

hours; minutes

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for ROGUE WAVES

hours; seconds

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for LANDSLIDES

days; seconds

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for METEOR IMPACT

millennia; seconds

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for TSUNAMI

minutes; hours

time scale of build up and release of energy during natural disasters for FLOODS

hours; days

SI standard unit of distance

metre

SI unit standard of mass

kilogram

density

mass per unit volume (how much mass fits into a space); p or d

How is stratification linked to density?

stratification is the layering of materials. Less dense materials float on top of denser materials.

layers of the atmosphere from top to surface of Earth

exosphere
thermosphere
mesophere
stratosphere
troposphere

layer of atmosphere with storms

troposphere

layers of the Earth (from top down, based on chemical and physical characteristics)

lithosphere (solid, crust)
asthenosphere (plastic rock)
mesosphere (solid rock)
outer core (liquid metal)
inner core (solid metal)

layers of the Earth (from top down, based on density)

crust
mantle
core

order of magnitude

power of ten

exponential curve

starts rising very slowly at first but increases faster and faster

logarithmic scale

the ordinate (vertical axis) steps by powers of ten (orders of magnitude)

disaster scale(s) for EARTHQUAKES

Richter
Modified Mercalli
Moment Magnitude

disaster scale(s) for VOLCANOES

Volcano Explosivity Index

disaster scale(s) for WIND AND WAVES

Beaufort Scale

disaster scale(s) for HURRICANES

Saffir-Simpson Scale

disaster scale(s) for THUNDERSTORMS

dBZ

disaster scale(s) for TORNADOES

Fujita Scale
Torro Scale

disaster scale(s) for IMPACTS

Torino Scale

more intense disasters occur \_______________

less frequently

return period (RP)

the average number of years between disaster events of the same magnitude

RPm \= time span of data record / number of cases of magnitude M

elements

building blocks of our world

atom

the smallest piece of an element, made of protons (+), neutrons (neutral) and electrons (-)

nucleus

the center of an atom that holds the protons and the neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

atomic mass number

sum of protons + neutrons

isotopes

different versions of an element that have the same number of protons but diff numbers of neutrons

Iridium

Ir, rare element found in meteorites

top three most abundant elements in EARTH'S CORE

Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), unknown

top three most abundant elements in EARTH'S CRUST

Oxygen (O), Silicon (Si), Aluminium (Al)

top three most abundant elements in OCEAN

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Chlorine (Cl)

top three most abundant elements in ATMOSPHERE

Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Argon (Ar)

molecules vs. ions

ions are molecules that have a non-zero charge

crystal have atoms in molecules linked up in a \_______ \________

regular lattice

solids

not very fluid
not very compressible

liquids

very fluid
not very compressible

gases

very fluid
very compressible

solid --\> liquid

melt

liquid --\> gas

evaporate

solid --\> gas

sublimate

liquid --\> solid

freeze

gas --\> liquid

condense

gas --\> solid

deposit

compressibility

the ability of a material to be squeezed or expanded so that the mass fills less or more space; results in a change in density of the object because the vol. changes

fluidity

ability of a material to flow

viscosity

measure of how much fluids resist flowing or changing their shape; greater the \______, the more it resists change

strain

change in shape or size of a solid object

types of strain

elastic (ability of an object to change shape when forced but to spring back to its original shape when the force is released)
plastic (permanent change)

ductile

very plastic (bends and deforms easily)

brittle

not plastic, fractures instead of bending

SI unit of force

Newton

five forms of energy

work, PE, KE, sensible heat, latent heat

work

form of energy that depends on the force that pushes or pulls an object over the distance of the object moves, SI unt is the Joule

potential energy

the work needed to raise an object of mass m a distance of z against the pull of gravity g

kinetic energy

the energy a moving object possesses

sensible heat

the heat we feel

specific heat

a measure of the capacity of a substance to store heat

latent heat

heat that is stored when matter changes phase from solid to liquid or from liquid to vapour. For changes in the opposite direction (liquid to solid or vapour to liquid), it is released.

power

the rate of doing work or of consuming energy (units of W, energy per time)

pressure

force per unit surface area applied perpendicular to the surface

stress

force per unit surface area applied parallel to the surface

sources of energy that drive disasters on earth

impacts from space (KE)
gravitational (PE)
radioactive decay, nuclear energy
solar/radiative

natural disasters involve energy concentrated in \_____ or \_____

space; time

waves

regular oscillations that can propagate in space

compression waves

waves with oscillations parallel to the propagation direction

over the past 8000 years, world population has been undergoing \__________

exponential growth

currently, population growth continues to \______ at a rate of \_____/year

grow exponentially; 1.1%

doubling time

the number of years for the population to double; DT \= 70 / % growth rate a year (applies only to exponentially growing population)

recent worldwide population growth rate is \_________

almost linear but still exponential

as we progress towards the future, fatalities due to natural disasters are \_______ and property and functionality loss are \_______

decreasing; increasing

seismograph

shows ground motion in relation to time

seismometer

detects ground motion

what is the minimum number of seismometers needed to get a unique estimate of the source of the energy?

three

the vast majority of earthquakes occur \_________________________

at the margins of Earth's tectonic plates

oceanic plates vs. continental plates

oceanic--fast moving, young, formed at mid-ocean ridges, destroyed at subduction zones
continental--slow moving, much older, do not get subducted because they are more buoyant than oceanic plates

divergent boundary

plates are moving apart, leading to tension and stretching. Due to the tensional forces, rocks break and many small-ish earthquakes occur. occurs at mid-ocean ridges or spreading centres

transform

here, plates move past each other, leading to shearing forces between plates. many earthquakes of mod-large size.

convergent type 1

plates move towards each other and collide leading to compression. one plate is less dense than the other and subducts. very extensive to large earthquakes occur here

convergent type 2

plates move toward each other and collide, leading to compression, here neither plate is subducting or plunging, thus the plates crumple up like a rug being pushed toward. extensive small to v. large earthquakes here

at which boundary do the largest earthquakes occur?

convergent type 1 (subduction zone)

what type of boundary is the Juan de Fuca plate at?

convergent

what type of boundary is the San Andreas fault?

transform