APUSH Unit 4 Review, AP US History Period 4, AP US History Period 4

War of 1812

War which West and South wanted, but Northeast did not;
between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France, was continuing practice of impressment, and was supporting Native American resistance to American settlement in the west

James Fenimore Cooper

Wrote The Leatherstocking Tales which included The Last of the Mohicans

The American System

an economic plan for the country:
(B.T.T.)
1. Strong banking system.
2. Set up a protective tariff to boost American industry.
3. Build a strong transportation network of roads and canals.

Panic of 1819

cause of this was over-speculation (buying too much on credit) in land; the West was hit the hardest

Steamboat

This invention made two-way river travel possible (boats could go upstream)

Tallmadge Amendment

limit slavery in Missouri:
• no more slaves be allowed into Missouri
• that slaves born to Missouri slave parents would gradually emancipated

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state; Maine would be admitted as a free state
• All new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

The "Elastic Clause Case"
Said that the Constitution had been written in more general terms rather than specific, and therefore could be interpreted.

Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)

The "Lottery Case"
Supreme Court showed it had the power to review state court decisions

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

The "Steamboat Case"
The Constitution says that only Congress can regulate interstate trade

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

The "Land Scam Contract Case"
The Supreme Court said a contract is a contract and the Constitution says it can't be broken by state laws.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

The "College Charter Case"
The Supreme Court said the charter was a contract and, like Fletcher, states could not encroach on contracts

Florida Purchase Treaty

made with Spain
• America paid $5 million and got Florida
• Spain gave up a claim to Oregon and America gave up a claim to Texas
• the southern limit of Oregon was set at 42° latitude.

Monroe Doctrine

• European non-colonization of the Americas and non-intervention
• It was a "KEEP OUT" sign.

nativists

those born in America and were opposed to immigrants

potato famine

Failed potato crop led to famine and resulted in 2 million Irish dying from 1846-1852. Major cause of Irish immigration to US in mid-1800s

temperance movement

movement to ban alcohol, inspired by religious morality and reaction to immigrant cities

Industrial Revolution

time when machines and factories began to replace handmade products

Samuel Slater

textile worker in England who memorized the plans of the factory so he could build one in America

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin which separated the fiber from the seed (1793) as well as interchangeable parts

Tariff of 1816

first "protective tariff" (one to boost cost of foreign goods and therefore make American goods look cheaper)

interchangeable part

machine-made components of anything could simply be swapped out if one broke

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph and Morse Code

Lowell, Massachusetts

well-known as employing young women to work in its textile factories

Cumberland Road (National Road)

went from Maryland all the way to Illinois, showed federal government investment in transportation

Robert Fulton

credited with building the first steamboat, the Clermont (1807)

Erie Canal

The granddaddy of all canals, connected New York to the Great Lakes in the Northwest, allowed trade and travel

transportation (revolution)

revolution where people wanted to link the West with the rest of the nation

division of labor

The North: manufacturing
The South: cotton for export
The West: grain and livestock

Deism

sprang out of the Enlightenment (AKA "Age of Reason") and was based on scientific or logical reasoning rather than faith. Belief that God created the world but then took a step back from daily affairs.

Unitarian

religion drew followers even farther away from Christianity
• Believed God existed in 1 person ("uni"), but not in the Holy Trinity.
• Rejected the divinity of Christ.
• Believed people were essentially good at heart, not born under "original sin."
• Believed people were saved through "good works", not through faith in Christ.
• Attracted intellectual types, notably Ralph Waldo Emerson

Joseph Smith

claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them

Brigham Young

took over and led the Mormons along the "Mormon Trail" to Utah after Joseph Smith was killed

Horace Mann

• known as the "Father of Public Education"
• pushed for free compulsory education and education

Noah Webster

Blueback Speller and dictionary

Dorothea Dix

sought and got improved treatment for the mentally insane

American Temperance Society

• founded in Boston, 1826
• used a variety of methods to encourage temperance (discourage drinking)

Grimke sisters

Sisters who pushed for the abolition of slavery

Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention (1848)

• It wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments" arguing that "all men and women were created equal"
• It demanded female suffrage
• Neither of these things happened anytime soon, but the women's rights movement was born

Brook Farm

• Started in Massachusetts (1841)
• It attracted Transcendentalist intellectuals

Oneida Community

was communal utopian community that embraced free love, birth control, and selecting parents to have planned children

Shakers

• were begun by Mother Ann Lee as a religious sect
• stressed simplicity in their lives and separated the sexes

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States, Virginian, Democratic Republican who believed in an agrarian vision of America with a weak central government. Responsible for the Louisiana Purchase.

Corrupt Bargain

• Election of 1824
• Henry Clay supported Adams and swayed house vote
• Adams won and appoined Clay as Secretary of State
• Appeared as if Adams bribed Clay with position of Sec. of State

universal white male suffrage

All white men could vote. No more property restrictions.

John Quincy Adams

• President (1824-1828)
• Puritanical Yankee
• Pushed nationalist programs to build:
(a) roads and canals
(b) a national university
(c) a national observatory

Spoils System

The way Andrew Jackson rewarded political party workers with government jobs

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Denmark Vesey

free black who led a slave rebellion in Charleston, SC in 1822

South Carolina Exposition

took the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions to the next level; said that the states could nullify the tariff

Tariff of 1832

removed the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828 (AKA Tariff of Abominations)

Force Bill

authorizing the president to use force if necessary to collect the tariff in response to South Carolina trying to nullify it

The Trail of Tears

The forced movement of Cherokee Indians in 1838 to the land west of Mississippi River forced by the U.S. Army; it lasted 116 days and was 1,000 miles long, many Indians died along the way

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole

Indian Territory

Oklahoma

Nicholas Biddle

President of Bank of United States who carried out bank policies of (a) coining hard money and (b) cracking down on western "wildcat banks" by calling in loans

pet banks

Small local banks that sprang up after Jackson killed the national bank of the United States

Whig Party

Political Party:
• Disliked Andrew Jackson
• Liked Henry Clay's American System

Panic of 1837

Second economic downturn of the 1800s
Caused by:
• Over-speculation, especially in land
• Jackson's bank policies and resultant chaos
• Jackson's "specie circular"
• Failure of crops
• Failure of two major banks in England

2nd Bank of the United States

It was a federal establishment operated by the governmentas an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812

Democratic-Republican Party

Political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Federalist Party

American political party in the period 1792 to 1816; formed by Alexander Hamilton

Stump Speaking

when political candidates campaigning from town to town would stand upon a sawed off tree stump to deliver a speech

Cotton Gin

a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds; invented by Eli Whitney

Utopianism

the political orientation of a person who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art that celebrated nature and emotion rather than civilization

The Second Great Awakening

Wave of religious revivals around 1800 that encouraged a culture of evangelicalism responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolition.

The Amistad Incident

53 Africans were kidnapped from West Africa and sold into the transatlantic slave trade; they were then purchased illegally by Spanish planters Jose Ruiz and Pedro Montez

Susan B. Anthony

prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States

Henry David Thoreau

• spent two years living in the woods off of nothing but what he could make, grow, or trade for
• wrote the classic Walden: Or Life in the Woods

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• most famous Transcendentalist
• former Unitarian pastor turned writer and lyceum
speaker
• most famous writing/speech was Self Reliance which stressed individualism
• Transcendentalist with the credentials, success, and the "big name"

Walt Whitman

• poet who wrote Leaves of Grass
• encouraged people to live their lives to the fullest

Election of 1828

Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming the 7th President

Election of 1832

• Jackson vs Clay
• Jackson wins
• First time a third party was in an election, the Anti-Masonic party

nationalism

A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion

internal improvements

The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development

market revolution

Starting in the early 19th century, produced vast economic growth, mass produced goods.

Era of Good Feelings

Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics.

Jacksonian Democracy

The time period 1829 to 1837, also known as the Age of the Common Man.

Indian Removal Act

President Andrew Jackson supported this. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma.

Romanticism in art and literature

Evoked the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.

War Hawks

Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun; argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.

Lucretia Mott

Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.

Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity

After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.

Democratic-Republicans

Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.

Federalists

Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion.

National Republicans

Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements.

Impressment

Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.

Frances Scott Key

Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry.

King Andrew

Nickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.

Nat Turner Rebellion

In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt.

American System

Henry Clay proposed this to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of:
* Protective Tariffs:
* National Bank
* Internal Improvements

The Lowell Mill Factory

The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills. They were housed in company dormitories near the mills.

Transcendentalists

They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812; some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected.

Panic 1837

Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank.

Martin Van Buren

Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles.

Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!

William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.

Tecumseh

He said, "They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.