a&pII- final practice

practice exams and old exams

where are muscarinic receptors located

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

the stage of resistance of the general adaptive syndrome (stress) is dominated by all of the following except

increased secretion of mineralcorticoids

an erythrocyte (RBC) is leaving the left lung, place the structure that it will pass through in the correct order (the list may not be complete)

left atrium (1)

bicuspid (mitral) valve (2)

aortic semilunar valve (3)

right atrium (4)

pulmonary semilunar valve (5)

Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS

it has relatively long preganglionic fibers

the _____ is a center that houses the major visceral motor control centers; it regulates the ANS

hypothalamus

which of the following are adrenergic fibers

postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

peptide hormones are typically transported in the blood stream _____

as free hormones

choose the type of stimulus described when a molecule (that is not a hormone or NT) in the blood causes the release of a hormone

humoral

the mammary gland includes the target cells for

oxytocin and prolactic

what does teh T wave of an electrocardiogram represent

ventricular repolarization

the parasympathetic fibers of the _____ control the pupil and lens of the eye

oculomotor nerve

adrenocorticotropic hormone _____

will be secreted under the influence of corticotropin releasing hormone

which of the following does not describe the ANS

a system of sensory neurons that innervates all muscle cells

which hormone directly stimulates the production of milk

prolactin

while running on a treadmill your bronchi dilate, your heart rate increases, and your

blood vessel diameter increases

when the _____ center is active _____ will be releases at the SA node

cardioinhibitory; acetylcholine

hormone clearance is primarily the function of the

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

the dominant form of regulation of hormones released by the anterior pituitary is

negative feedback regulation

T/F the somatic nervous system uses one motoneuron to communicate with the target organ

T

which of the following is produced by the anterior pituitary gland

prolactin

individually, FSH and testosterone have weak effects on sperm production; whereas when both hormones act together, the testes produce around 300,000 sperm per minute. this is an example of which principle regarding hormone interaction

synergism

following long term exposure to high hormone concentration the target cell ____

down regulates its receptors

T/F when comparing neural and endocrine control the intensity is coded via the release of more chemical signals in both cases

F

choose the example that best illustrates negative feedback regulation of the endocrine system

thyroid hormone causes the anterior pituitary to release less TSH

what might cause an absent P wave on an EKG

failure of the SA node

overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system may lead to

excessive sweating

how do steroid hormones travel in the blood stream

bound to transport proteins

where would you not find a cholinergic nicotinic receptor

all parasympathetic target organs

once electrical signals are initiated within pacemaker cells, action potentials are allowed to spread to neighboring cells because of the presence of ____

gap junctions

the plateau phase in the action potential of contractile cardiac muscle cells results from the action of the

Ca²⁺ influx

which of the following does not occur while the semilunar valves are open

ventricles are in diastole

what is the pacemaker potential a result of

slow Na⁺ influx

which of the following is true of the right ventricle

contains oxygen poor blood

what causes the opening and closing of the heart valves

pressure gradients

the ____ passes around the left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus and supplies the left atrium

circumflex artery

which of the following would cause cardiac output to be greater

increased stroke volume

name the components of intercalated discs that are key to the spread of the electrical signals through the myocardium

gap junctions

what is the formula for cardiac output

cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate

which of the following is not the result of sympathetic activity

inhibits orgasm

acetylcholine acts on the heart to

decrease the rate of contraction

insulin increases

the uptake of glucose by its target cells

where is the pituitary gland located

within the sella turcica of the skull

which of the following is true of cardiac muscle cells

they have a single nucleus, are striated, and are highly branched

this structure if innervated almost exclusively by the sympathetic division

sweat glands

arrange the conduction system of the heart in the order than an action potential would pass through them

(1) sinoatrial node

(2) atrioventricular node

(3) atrioventricular bundle

(4) right and left bundle branches

(5) subendocardial conducting network (purkinje fibers)

preparing the body for the fight or flight response is the role of the ____

sympathetic nervous system

the target organs for parathyroid hormone include

the small intestines of the gut

given the following structures, place them in the correct order following binding of integral membrane proteins

1. intracellular G proteins are activated

2. second messengers are produced

3. effects are produced within the cell

4. phospholipase C is activated

1. intracellular G proteins are activated

2. phospholipase C is activated

3. second messengers are produced

4. effects are produced within the cell

isovolumetric relaxation (early ventricular diastole)____

occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close

the atrioventricular valves (AV) are open ___

when the ventricles are in diastole

testosterone is an example of which hormone class

steroid hormone

which division of the nervous system releases norepinephrine to act on the heart

sympathetic nervous system

which of the following proteins is not normally found in plasma

hemoglobin

serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of

fibrinogen

the ____ is the vessel wall layer that can constrict or dilate

tunica media

the outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the ___ and in large arteries and veins contains the _____

tunica externa; vaso vasorum

the two mechanisms of capillary exchange are

diffusion and transcytosis

lymphatic vessels reabsorb about ___ of the fluid filtered out at the arterial end of a capillary bed

15%

what is hydrostatic pressure

the physical force exerted against a surface by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid

which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the venous end of the capillary bed

increasing the concentration of large proteins in the nearby interstitial fluid

what is the strongest force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary

blood hydrostatic pressure

why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end

net hydrostatic pressure is greater

the cessation of bleeding is specifically called

hemostasis

arrange the following chemicals in the order that they are used during clot formation

fibrinogen

activated factor XII

thrombin

prothrombinase

activated factor XII (1)

prothrombinase (2)

thrombin (3)

fibrinogen (4)

hematopoietic stem cells give rise to both red and white blood cells. where in the body would you expect hematopoietic stem cells to be found

red bone marrow

if a patient is administered an injection of erythropoietin you would expect to see

increased red blood cell count

what is the most numerous white blood cell found in circulation

neutrophils

given the following blood vessels;

• arteriole

• capillary

• elastic artery

• muscular artery

• vein

• venule

choose the arrangement that lists the blood vessles in the order a monocyte passes trhough them as it leaves teh liver, travels to the heart and travels to a tissue

(1) venule

(2) vein

(3) elastic artery

(4) muscular artery

(5) arteriole

(6) capillary

alternative routes of blood supply are called

anastomoses

which of these does not prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot

the presence of tissue thromboplastin

the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following

excess RBC production causing a blood pressure increase

the chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies are sensitive to which of the following

blood oxygen deficiencies

which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow

increased viscosity

____ is released from the liver and platelets; it acts to initiate the intrinsic mechanism of coagulation and to convert prekallikrein to kallikrein

hageman factor

which of the following statements about transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) is true

TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke

which of the following local factors can cause vasodilation of the arterioles

increased carbon dioxide

myocardial infraction can lead to what type of shock

cardiogenic

what type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins triggers vasodilation and increases capillary permeability

septic

which statement is true concerning a person with type O+ blood

the indv. has Rh but not A or B antigens on their erythrocytes

T/F an individual with anti-A antibodies in their plasma is type B

true

an increase in tissue perfusion due to carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, adenosine, or potassium ions is an example of

local controls

which hormone promotes sodium retention by the kidneys to increase blood volume

aldosterone

hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than

140/90

what is taken up by the capillaries at their venous end

waste products

if blood pressure is elevated, the cardiovascular centers would compensate by

decreasing heart rate

which of the following would not lead to polycythemia

iron deficiency

which cells type includes B cells T cells and NK cells

lymphocytes

what are the most abundant agranulocytes

lymphocytes

what effect would an increase in the diameter of the arterioles have on blood pressure

it would cause blood pressure to decrease

under normal circumstances which of the following is the most important component of resistance to blood flow

radius of the vessels

which blood vessel type contains an endothelial layer

all blood vessel types

in red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter circulation. what class of capillaries would you expect to find in the red bone marrow

sinusoid capillaries

how do peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies contribute to blood pressure regulation

by detecting low oxygen, high carbon dioxide, and low pH

the hepatic portal vein connects the capillaries in the ____ to the ____

small intestine to liver

which of the following would produce vasodilation

atrial naturetic peptide

the number of ___ typically increases in response to bacterial infection

neutrophils

what is the most important force in venous flow

the pressure generated by the heart

which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat

erythrocytes

the viscosity of blood is due to the presence of ___ than to any other factor

erythrocytes

most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to

heme groups in the hemoglobin