Chapter 23: Realism and Social Criticism

Natural selection

________ eliminated the need for the worlds creation through divine arrangement or divine purpose.

Soren Kierkegaard

________ (1813- 1855) argued that truth is subjective and personal, reached through passion and commitment.

Social Darwinist

The ________ notions of the struggle of races for survival and of preserving racial purity became core doctrines of the Nazi Party after World War I and provided the "scientific "and "ethical "justification for genocide.

Anton Chekhov

________ (1860- 1904):: a physician turned writer who focused on the realities of provincial life among ineffectual upper- class landowners, perennially short of money, who writter away their lives and do nothing productive to better society.

Heinrich Hertz

1887:: ________ discovers electromagnetic wave which allows for the invention of radio, television and radar.

Michael Faraday

1831:: ________ discovers the principle of electromagnetic induction, on which the electric generator and electric motor are based.

Emile Zola

________ (1840- 1902):: the leading naturalist novelist who probed the slums, brothels, mining villages, and cabarets of France.

Marx

________ believed history was governed by scientific law.

Zoonomia

________:: a book by Erasmus Darwin that offered evidence that the earth had existed for millions of years before the appearance of people and that animals experienced modifications, which they passed on to their offspring.

Absolute Spirit

According to Hegel, history was the unfolding of the ________, and a higher stage of development was produced by the synthesis of opposing ideas.

George Sand

________:: a woman writing under a male pen name who portrayed the married woman as a victim in “Indiana” (1832)

Eugéne Sue

________:: a french author who gave harrowing accounts of slum life and crime in his serialized novel, “Les Mystères de Paris” (1842- 1843)

Naturalism

________:: an attempt to demonstrate a causal relationship between human character and the social environment: that certain conditions of life produced predictable character traits in human beings.

Positivists

________ rejected metaphysics and therefore the tradition of Plato.

Syllabus of Errors

The ________:: "an encyclical by Pope Pius IX in 1864 to condemn features of the modern world such as religious freedom, Protestantism, civil marriage, and divorce.

Positivists

________:: those who viewed science as the highest achievement of the mind and sought to apply a strict empirical approach to the study of society.

realism

the dominant movement in art and literature in the mid-1800s

Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)

an artist who exemplified realism in painting

Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)

an author who wrote Madame Bovary, a masterpiece of realist literature

Honoré de Balza (1799-1850)

an author who used his works to describe how social and economic forces affected peoples behavior

Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883)

wrote “A Sportmans Sketches” (1852), which focused on Russian rural conditions, particularly the brutal life of serfs

War and Peace (1868-1869)

a book by Leo Tolstoy that described the manners and outlook of the Russian nobility and the tragedies that attended Napoleons invasion of Europe

Anna Karenina (1873-1877)

a book by Leo Tolstoy that probed class divisions and the complexities of marital relationships

Anton Chekhov (1860-1904)

a physician turned writer who focused on the realities of provincial life among ineffectual upper-class landowners, perennially short of money, who writter away their lives and do nothing productive to better society

Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)

a Russian author who wrote “Crime and Punishment” (1866), “The Idiot” (1868), “The Possessed” (1871), and “The Brothers Karamazov” (1880) and showed a superb ability to create memorable characters, to probe minds, and to describe vividly and perceptively

Elizabeth Gaskell

the wife of a Unitarian minister in Manchester who dealt compassionately with the plight of industrial workers in “Mary Barton” (1848) and “North and South “(1855)

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

the author of Bleak House (1853), Hard Times (1854), Oliver Twist, The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1839), who explored the squalor of life, the hypocrisy of society, and the drudgery of labor in British industrial cities

Emile Zola (1840-1902)

the leading naturalist novelist who probed the slums, brothels, mining villages, and cabarets of France

“Germinal” (1885)

Emile Zolas greatest novel that graphically renders the terrible toil and drudgery endured by coal miners

Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)

the leading realist playwright

Pillars of Society (1877)

a work by Ibsen which portrayed entrepreneurs who, aspiring for wealth and status, not only betray loved ones but also engage in unscrupulous business practices at the expense of their fellow citizens

A Dolls House (1879)

a work by Ibsen about a woman who leaves her husband and children in search of self-realization

positivists

those who viewed science as the highest achievement of the mind and sought to apply a strict empirical approach to the study of society

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

the father of positivism

Law of the three stages

the theological, the metaphysical, and the scientific (pg 562)

In 1808…

John Dalton formulates the modern atomic theory

In 1831…

Michael Faraday discovers the principle of electromagnetic induction, on which the electric generator and electric motor are based

In 1847…

Hermann von Helmholtz formulates the law of conservation of energy

In 1861…

Louis Pasteur devises vaccines to prevent diseases he proved were caused by microbes

In 1869…

Dmitri Mendeleev constructs a periodic table for the elements

In 1887…

Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic wave which allows for the invention of radio, television and radar

In 1794…

Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin, published Zoonomia, or The Laws of Organic Life

Zoonomia

a book by Erasmus Darwin that offered evidence that the earth had existed for millions of years before the appearance of people and that animals experienced modifications, which they passed on to their offspring

Principles of Geology (1830-1833)

three volumes by Sir Charles Lyell that posits the planet has evolved slowly over many ages

Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)

an American author who wrote @@The Gospel of Wealth @@(1800)

Life of Jesus (1835)

a book by David Friedrich Strauss (1808-1874) which argued that the NT was replete with inherited legends and with myths and contained little history

The Essence of Christianity (1841)

a book by Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872) which argued that the starting point of philosophy should be the human being and the material world, not God

"The Syllabus of Errors"

an encyclical by Pope Pius IX in 1864 to condemn features of the modern world such as religious freedom, Protestantism, civil marriage, and divorce

*Modernism

a movement of Catholic intellectuals that sought to liberalize the church and make it more accepting of modern, liberal, political ideals and modern science and to reexamine the Gospels and Catholic teaching in the light of modern biblical scholarship

Pope Pius X (1903-1914)

a pope who strongly condemned Catholic modernists for undermining revelation and fostering agnosticism

Both liberalism and Marxism shared these things in common:

belief in the essential goodness and perfectibility of human nature;

\
the claim that their doctrines rested on rational foundations;



the desire to free individuals from the accumulated superstition, ignorance, and prejudices of the past and to fashion a more harmonious and rational society;

\
the belief in social progress; and the value of the full realization of human talents