sci10 final review

WHMIS

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.

Manipulated Variable

A factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes; also known as independent variable.

Responding Variable

Changes in response to the manipulated variable.

Controlled Variable

A condition in an experiment that remains constant.

Independent Variable

Any variable that influences the effects being studied without it being affected by the experimental conditions.

Dependent Variable

Any variable that is influenced and is changed under the conditions of the experiment.

Independent \=

Manipulated.

Dependent \=

Responding.

Qualitative

Gathers information that is not in numerical form.

Quantitative

Gathers data in numerical form which can be put into categories, or in rank order, or measured in units of measurement.

Accuracy

Is the difference between a measurement and its true value; How "right" the measurement is.

Precision

Refers to the degree of agreement among repeated measurement of the sample.

Scientific Notation Rules

1/ The coefficient should be between 1 and 10.
2/ All measured quantities have some degree of error.
3/ All non-zero digits are significant.
4/ All trailing zeros are significant.
5/ Leading zeros are not significant.

Adding and Subtracting with Sig Digs

Do the calculation. Then round the answer to the same number of decimal places as the number in the calculation with the fewest decimal places.

Multiplying and Dividing with Sig Digs

First, do the calculation. Then round the answer to the same number of digits as your least number of sig digs in the calculation.

Aristotle

Made observations and descriptions about more than 500 animal species.

Hans and Zacharias Jansen

Invented the first microscope in 1595.

Basic Light Microscope

Robert Hooke wanted to understand corks. He examined thin slices of them under the microscope and saw many chambers which he called "cells".

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

First to see the movement of different types of single cells, that we now know as bacteria.

Base of a Microscope

What the microscope stands on.

Arm

What is attached to the base.

Eyepiece

Called the ocular. At the top of the body tube. There is a lens that is a part of the eyepiece.

Revolving Nose Piece

Located at the bottom of the body tube. Can be turned depending on the amount of magnification you require. 3 objective lenses are attached to the revolving nose piece.

Low Power Objective

Magnifies 4x.

Stage

Where the glass slide is placed.

Course Adjustment Knob

Brings focus on the specimen.

Fine Adjustment Knob

Is used to further clarify the image.

Diagraphm

Located under the stage. Used to control the amount of light that reaches the slide.

Spontaneous Generation

The idea that life could emerge spontaneous from non-living matter.

John Needham

Boiled chicken broth and put it in a flask and sealed it.

Lazzano Spallanzani

Proposed that there were micro-organisms in the air that were responsible for new growth.

Louis Pasteur

Used chicken broth to prone that spontaneous generation does not occur, and that micro-organisms are found in the air.

Theory of Biogenesis

Living matter arises only from other living matter.

Cell Theory

All living things are made up of cells, the smallest unit of life, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Robert Brown

Identified the nucleus.

Matthias Schleiden

Observed that all plants were made up of cells.

Theodor Schwann

Found that there were similarities between plant and animal cells.

Rudolf Virchow

Stated that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Contrast

Manipulating the light source or adding a colouring agent that can improve the contrast/image of the cell that is being observed.

Resolution

The ability of a light microscope to maintain a clean image with increasing magnification.

SEM

3D, beam formation, magnification of 2 million, resolution of 0.4 nm, scans larger areas, limitations are conducting samples and changing effect.

TEM

2D, direct imaging, magnification of 50 million, resolution of 0.5 A, scans thin samples, limitations are magnetic samples.

The Cell

Basic unit of life. Open system.

Organelles

Structures inside a plant or animal cell.

Cell Membrane

Protective barrier.

Cytoplasm

Where the cell organelles are located.

Nucleus

Contains the DNA that provides cells with unique characteristics.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transporting cell materials mainly proteins. The transport happens by ribosomes which are small structures found on the endoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi Apparatus

Packages molecules to be able to transfer to another cell.

Vacuole

For nutrient storage.

Mitochondria

Provides the cell with energy.

Lysosomes

Responsible for cell digestion.

Cell Wall

Maintains the shape of plants.

Chloroplasts

Absorbs sun's energy for photosynthesis. Has a pigment that makes plants green.

Particle Model of Matter

1/ All matter is made up of particles but the particles n different substances may be different in size and composition.
2/ The particles of matter are constantly moving or vibrating. Particles move least in solids and most in gases. Adding/taking away energy will affect the movement of the particles.
3/ The particles of matter are attracted to one another/are bonded together.
4/ Particles have spaces between them. Solid contains the smallest and gases contain the biggest.

Plasma Membrane

Distinguishes the cell from its extreme environment, controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell, enables cells to recognize each other and also identify substances like hormones. Also called the cell membrane.

Semi Permeable

Allows certain particles to pass through it, but not all particles.

Passage of material through the membrane depends on the

1/ Size of the molecule.
2/ Change of the molecule.
3/ Whether they are soluble or not in lipids.

Membrane is composed of

A double layer of lipids that have a phosphate group attached. (Channel and carrier proteins.)

Unicellular

A single celled organism.

Multicellular

An organism that is made up of more than one cell.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Unicellular and Multicellular Cells

Division of Labour
Unicellular- Must be a multi-tasker, has to do everything by itself.
Size
Unicellular- The surface area to volume and the rate of diffusion restricts them from being too large. Multicellular- These cells work together to form a transport system to exchange materials effectively. This allows the organism to be larger.
Interdependence of Cells
Unicellular- When the cell dies, that is the end of that organism. Multicellular- If one cell dies, it will not kill the entire organism.

Tissues

Group of cells that perform the same function.

Organ

Tissues that contribute to the same function.

Organ System

Organs that have the same function.

In order

Organelles-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems-Organisms.

Shoot System Functions

Photosynthesis, transport of food and water, reproduction, storage.

Root System Functions

Anchorage, absorption of water and minerals, transport of food and water, reproduction.

3 Plant Tissues

Dermal Tissue/epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue.

Dermal Tissue

Responsible for exchange of matter and gases in and out of the cell. Outer layer of cell that covers all non-woody plants.

Ground Tissue

Makes up the majority of the plant. Layer beneath the dermal tissue. Cells in the ground tissue are loosely packed and the air spaced between the cells allow for rapid gas diffusion through the ground tissue.

Vascular Tissue

Responsible for the transport of materials through the plant. Has xylem and phloem.

Xylem

Makes water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves where these are used in photosynthesis. Cells are empty inside and form long tubes (like straws).

Phloem

Transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Uses companion cells to help direct activities.

Vascular Bundle

Where the xylem and phloem are bunched up.

Root Hairs

Increase the surface area for absorption of water.

Cuticle

Protect cells from water loss.

Guard Cells

On the epidermal surface of leaves. Guard cells form tiny pores called stomata. Contains chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis

Occurs in the organelle called the chloroplasts. Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll, and converted in to chemical energy that is stored in the glucose.

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O \------\> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Cellular Respiration

Begins in the cytoplasm and is completed in the mitochondria. Light is not required. Glucose reacts with oxygen to create carbon dioxide, water and energy.

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6+6O2\---\> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP

(The Structure of the Leaf) Dermal Tissue

Layer on top and bottom of the leaf.

(The Structure of the Leaf) The Bottom Epidermis

Has guard cells and stomata to control gas exchange.

(The Structure of the Leaf) Spongy Mesophyll

Cells are loosely packed. The increased space allows for easier movement of gases throughout the leaf.

(The Structure of the Leaf) Palisade Tissue

Cells that are tightly packed that contain lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Gas exchange in plants

Occurs by diffusion into and out of the leaf through the stomata. Can also occur in lenticels.

Stomata

Pores in the leaves. Guard cells control it. They swell to open the stomata and shrink to close them. Found in the dermal tissue of the leaf.

Transpiration

The process of water vapour leaving the leaf through the stomata.

Root Pressure

The movement of water up the xylem due to the cells in the roots having more solute concentration than the surrounding soil.

Cohesion

Water molecules are attracted to each other. As water molecules move up the xylem, they "pull" other water molecules with them.

Adhesion

Water molecules are attracted to other materials.

Transpiration Pull

Water evaporates from the leaf through the stomata.

Turgidity

If a plant is getting enough water, it will be firm and will not wilt. That is because the plant cells are turgid.

Plasmolysis

If a plant doesn't get enough water, then there is less water moving up the xylem.

Sugar Transport in Plants

The phloem transports sugars from the source to a sink. Sugar is produced in the source and stored in the sink.

Pressure-Flow Theory

When sugar is transported by a phloem.

Tropisms

Are plant responses in which the plant grows towards or away from a stimulus.

Phototropisms

Growth of a plant in response to light.

Positive Phototropisms

Growth towards the light (occurs in the stems).