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Social Environment
human environment with intercation
Feral Children
children who were raised by animals & isolated from humans
Harry & Margaret Harlow
demonstrated importance of early learning
Socialisation
process where people learn characteristics of their group
Self
the views we internalise of how we think others see us
Looking-glass self
term by Charles Horton to refer to process which self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
Three elements of self-looking glass
imagine how ppl appear
interpret reactions
develop self-concept
Generalised other
norms and expectations of ppl 'in general' for development of self
Three stages to take role of other
imitate
play
team gams
Mead view on self
I & Me
I = subject
Me (self) = object
Self & Mind are..
products of society
Piaget's Developmental Theory Stages
Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Sigmund Freud Elements
developed theory about personality
ID, Ego, Conscience
ID
inborn basic drives
Ego
balancing force between id and demands of society
Conscience
known as 'super ego'
internalised norms & values of social groups
Kolhberg's Theory conclusions
we go through sequence of stages as we develop morality
Criticisms of Kohlberg
there is no abstract way of figuring what is moral
Gender
attitudes a society consider proper for males and females
Gender Socialisation
the path in life set out for us because we are male/female
Social Inequality
Social condition where privileges are given to some but denied to others
agents of socialization
groups that affect our self-concept, attitude behaviours toward life
manifest functions
intended beneficial consequences of ppl's actions
latent functions
unintended beneficial consequences of ppl's actions
anticipatory socialisation
process of learning in advance anticipated future role
resocialisation
process of learning new norms
total institution
place that is controlled by those who run it where ppl are cut off from society and society is cut off form them
degradation ceremony
term by Harol Gerfinkel to refer to remaking someone's self by taking away an indivdual's self identity & getting new identity in its place
life course
stages of life from birth to death
transitional adulthood
period after highschool when they have not taken responsibilities associated with adulthood
social phenomena
observable facts in society
Social Intercation
how ppl relate and influence one another
Macrosociology
analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society (social class) used by functionalists and conflict theorists
Microsociology
analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; used by symbolic interactionists
social interaction
one person's actions influencing someone else; refers to what people do when they are in one another's presence, includes communications at a distance
social structure
the framework of society surrounds us; how we relate to one another; gives direction to and sets limits on our behaviour
social class
Weber: people who rank close to one another
Marx: one of two groups (one is better than the other)
status
position someone occupies in social group
status set
positions that individual occupies
ascribed status
position individual inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
achieved status
positions earned on individual's part
status symbol
items that display prestige
master status
status that cuts across other statuses that individual occupies
status inconsistency
ranking high and low on some social status (discrepancy)
role
behaviours & privileges attached to a status
group
ppl interact with one another who believe that they have is common
social institution
organised usual ways which society meets basic needs
social integration
a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; known as social cohesion
mechanical solidarity
Durkheim's term for unity results of performing similar tasks
division of labor
the splitting of a group's tasks into specialties
organic solidarity
Durkheim's term for interdependence results from the division of labor from same unit and depends on others to fulfill their jobs
Gemeinschaft
type of society where life is intimate, ppl share sense of togetherness
Geselleschaft
society is dominated by impersonal relationships
impression management
ppl's efforts to control impressions that others receive of them
front stages
place where ppl perform
back stage
place where ppl rest, discuss, and plan future performances
role performance
the ways in which someone performs a role
role conflict
conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses
role strain
conflict that someone feels within role
sign-vehicle
term used by Goffman to refer to ppl using social setting, manner, appearance to communicate info about self
ethnomethodology
study of how ppl use background assumptions to make sense out of life
background assumption
deeply common understanding of how world operates & ppl ought to act
thomas theorem
classical formulation of "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
social construction of reality
use of background life experiences to define what is real
hypothesis
statement of how variables are related to one another, predictions from a theory
variable
factor thought to be imp for behaviour which can vary
operational definition
way in which researcher measures variable
research method
1/7 procedures that is used to collect data
validity
extent to which an operational definition measures what is intended to measure
reliability
extent to which research produces dependent results
survey
collection of data by having ppl answer series of questions
population
target grp to be studied
sample
individuals intended to represent population to be studied
random sample
everyone has the equal chance to particpants
stratified random sample
sample from selected subgroups where everyone has equal chance of being included in research
respondents
ppl who respond to survey in interviews/questionnaires
questionnaires
list of questions asked of respondents
interview
direct questioning of respondents
interviewer bias
effects of interviewers in respondents that leads to biased answers
structured interviews
interviews that use close-ended questions
Unstrcutured Interviews
interviewers use open-ended questions
rapport
feeling of trust between researchers and ppl being studied
participant observation
research where participants un research setting while observing what is happening
generalizability
extent to which findings from one grp can be generalized and applied to others grps
case study
intensive analysis of single event
secondary analysis
analysis of data that has been collected by other researchers
documents
written sources that provide data
experiment
use of control & experimental group (IV vs DV) to test cause
unobtrusive measures
ways of observing ppl so they don't know they are being studied
Mead pointed out
we learn to put ourselves in someone else’s shoes
Melvin Kohn
focused on social class
working class parents uses physical punishment
middle class are self-controlled
dichotomy
disconnection between macrosociological analysis and microsociological approaches
sociologists reject it
social structure is NOT possible without
social interactions
social structure does not occur
in social vaccum
8 factors of research model
choose topic
define problem
review literature
form hypothesis
choose research methods
collect data
analyse results
share them
hypothesis needs
operational terms
7 research methods
surveys
participant observation
case studiea
secondary analysis
documents
experiments
unobtrusive measure
three conditions for causation
correlation
temporal priority
spurious corrrelation
correlation NEVER proves
causation
temporal priority
one thing happens before the other
its not always easy to determine
Note 
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