SOCI 101 MIDTERM

Social Environment

human environment with intercation

Feral Children

children who were raised by animals & isolated from humans

Harry & Margaret Harlow

demonstrated importance of early learning

Socialisation

process where people learn characteristics of their group

Self

the views we internalise of how we think others see us

Looking-glass self

term by Charles Horton to refer to process which self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us

Three elements of self-looking glass

imagine how ppl appear

interpret reactions

develop self-concept

Generalised other

norms and expectations of ppl 'in general' for development of self

Three stages to take role of other

imitate

play

team gams

Mead view on self

I & Me

I = subject

Me (self) = object

Self & Mind are..

products of society

Piaget's Developmental Theory Stages

Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Sigmund Freud Elements

developed theory about personality

ID, Ego, Conscience

ID

inborn basic drives

Ego

balancing force between id and demands of society

Conscience

known as 'super ego'

internalised norms & values of social groups

Kolhberg's Theory conclusions

we go through sequence of stages as we develop morality

Criticisms of Kohlberg

there is no abstract way of figuring what is moral

Gender

attitudes a society consider proper for males and females

Gender Socialisation

the path in life set out for us because we are male/female

Social Inequality

Social condition where privileges are given to some but denied to others

agents of socialization

groups that affect our self-concept, attitude behaviours toward life

manifest functions

intended beneficial consequences of ppl's actions

latent functions

unintended beneficial consequences of ppl's actions

anticipatory socialisation

process of learning in advance anticipated future role

resocialisation

process of learning new norms

total institution

place that is controlled by those who run it where ppl are cut off from society and society is cut off form them

degradation ceremony

term by Harol Gerfinkel to refer to remaking someone's self by taking away an indivdual's self identity & getting new identity in its place

life course

stages of life from birth to death

transitional adulthood

period after highschool when they have not taken responsibilities associated with adulthood

social phenomena

observable facts in society

Social Intercation

how ppl relate and influence one another

Macrosociology

analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society (social class) used by functionalists and conflict theorists

Microsociology

analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; used by symbolic interactionists

social interaction

one person's actions influencing someone else; refers to what people do when they are in one another's presence, includes communications at a distance

social structure

the framework of society surrounds us; how we relate to one another; gives direction to and sets limits on our behaviour

social class

Weber: people who rank close to one another

Marx: one of two groups (one is better than the other)

status

position someone occupies in social group

status set

positions that individual occupies

ascribed status

position individual inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

achieved status

positions earned on individual's part

status symbol

items that display prestige

master status

status that cuts across other statuses that individual occupies

status inconsistency

ranking high and low on some social status (discrepancy)

role

behaviours & privileges attached to a status

group

ppl interact with one another who believe that they have is common

social institution

organised usual ways which society meets basic needs

social integration

a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; known as social cohesion

mechanical solidarity

Durkheim's term for unity results of performing similar tasks

division of labor

the splitting of a group's tasks into specialties

organic solidarity

Durkheim's term for interdependence results from the division of labor from same unit and depends on others to fulfill their jobs

Gemeinschaft

type of society where life is intimate, ppl share sense of togetherness

Geselleschaft

society is dominated by impersonal relationships

impression management

ppl's efforts to control impressions that others receive of them

front stages

place where ppl perform

back stage

place where ppl rest, discuss, and plan future performances

role performance

the ways in which someone performs a role

role conflict

conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses

role strain

conflict that someone feels within role

sign-vehicle

term used by Goffman to refer to ppl using social setting, manner, appearance to communicate info about self

ethnomethodology

study of how ppl use background assumptions to make sense out of life

background assumption

deeply common understanding of how world operates & ppl ought to act

thomas theorem

classical formulation of "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"

social construction of reality

use of background life experiences to define what is real

hypothesis

statement of how variables are related to one another, predictions from a theory

variable

factor thought to be imp for behaviour which can vary

operational definition

way in which researcher measures variable

research method

1/7 procedures that is used to collect data

validity

extent to which an operational definition measures what is intended to measure

reliability

extent to which research produces dependent results

survey

collection of data by having ppl answer series of questions

population

target grp to be studied

sample

individuals intended to represent population to be studied

random sample

everyone has the equal chance to particpants

stratified random sample

sample from selected subgroups where everyone has equal chance of being included in research

respondents

ppl who respond to survey in interviews/questionnaires

questionnaires

list of questions asked of respondents

interview

direct questioning of respondents

interviewer bias

effects of interviewers in respondents that leads to biased answers

structured interviews

interviews that use close-ended questions

Unstrcutured Interviews

interviewers use open-ended questions

rapport

feeling of trust between researchers and ppl being studied

participant observation

research where participants un research setting while observing what is happening

generalizability

extent to which findings from one grp can be generalized and applied to others grps

case study

intensive analysis of single event

secondary analysis

analysis of data that has been collected by other researchers

documents

written sources that provide data

experiment

use of control & experimental group (IV vs DV) to test cause

unobtrusive measures

ways of observing ppl so they don't know they are being studied

Mead pointed out

we learn to put ourselves in someone else’s shoes

Melvin Kohn

focused on social class

working class parents uses physical punishment

middle class are self-controlled

dichotomy

disconnection between macrosociological analysis and microsociological approaches

sociologists reject it

social structure is NOT possible without

social interactions

social structure does not occur

in social vaccum

8 factors of research model

choose topic

define problem

review literature

form hypothesis

choose research methods

collect data

analyse results

share them

hypothesis needs

operational terms

7 research methods

surveys

participant observation

case studiea

secondary analysis

documents

experiments

unobtrusive measure

three conditions for causation

correlation

temporal priority

spurious corrrelation

correlation NEVER proves

causation

temporal priority

one thing happens before the other

its not always easy to determine