bio

the energy stored food is required for the vital activities of any living organism such us..

moving,growth,development,repair of worn - out tissues,reproduction and synthesis of new protoplasm of our cells

all living organisms require food because?

it contains the needed energy and nutrient essential to maintain life.

refers to all the chemical reactions that take place inside an organisms body

Metabolism

the intake of food from various sources and the processes that convert food substances into living matter

Nutrition

animal nutrition

autotrophs and heterotrophs

organisms that produce their own food by converting inorganic components into organic molecule

autotrophs

they consume organic molecules from other organisms for nutrition

heterotrophs

2 types of digestive systems in animals

intracellular and extracellular digestion

digestion process of single-celled organisms

intracellular

they process their food right inside their cells

intracellular

it happens thru food vacuoles.

intracellular

digestion process of multicellular organism

extracellular

nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream after they have been broken down within a digestive cavity

extracellular

intracellular digestion in single-celled organisms.

ex. amoeba and paramecium

Animals with relatively simple body
plans typically have a digestive
compartment with a single opening

Incomplete Digestion

This pouch, called a ______

functions
in digestion as well as in the
distribution of nutrients throughout
the body

gastrovascular cavity,

Higher forms of animals developed
some specialization and evolved into
having more complex alimentary canal
that contains one-way tubes with
different openings for the mouth and
anus

Complete Digestion

is
a mechanism in which
the organism uses their
body parts to move
water toward a feeding
structure to sift through
the food suspended in
water

Suspension Feeding

are
animals that live in or on
their food source. This leaf
miner cater- pillar, the
larva of a moth, is eating
through the soft tissue of
an oak leaf, leaving a dark
trail of feces in its wake.
Other sub- strate feeders
include maggots (fly
larvae), which burrow

Substrate Feeding

…suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host. This tsetse fly has pierced the skin of its human host with hollow, needle- like mouthparts and is consuming a blood meal. Similarly, aphids are fluid feeders that tap the phloem sap of plants. In contrast to such parasites, some fluid feeders actually benefit their hosts.

Fluid Feeding

Most animals, including humans, are ________ which eat relatively large pieces of food. Their adaptations include tentacles, pincers, claws, venomous fangs, jaws, and teeth that kill their prey or tear off pieces of meat or vegetation.

Bulk Feeding

the process by which food is broken
down into small molecules that the
body can use to nourish the cells

DIGESTION

Two Phases of Digestion

Mechanical Phase

Chemical Phase

…the food is broken down into small pieces by the process of chewing or mastication, lubricated and softened by the action of the digestive juices such as the saliva in the mouth and the gastric juice in the stomach

Mechanical Phase

the food is acted upon by chemical substances called enzymes that are secreted together with the digestive juices. These enzymes act on food and change them into their simplest equivalents which the body cells utilize.

Chemical Phase

The organs of digestion are divided into two:

Alimentary and

Accessory Organ

Alimentary

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Rectum

Anus

Accessory Organ

Salivary Glands

Liver

Gall Bladder

Pancreas

it is where the
digestion begins

MOUTH

MOUTH

contains the ff
structures:

Teeth

Tongue

Palate

Salivary Gland

break down food into
small pieces

teeth

mixes the food with
saliva and aids in
swallowing

TONGUE

forms the roof of the
mouth

PALATE

secrete saliva that
lubricates food

SALIVARY GLANDS

\-located at the back of the mouth

\-common passageway

for digestion and respiration

PHARYNX or THROAT

muscular flap that prevent
the food from entering the
trachea

EPIGLOTTIS

Food that enters the is lubricated and chewed until it forms into a ball-shaped mass called…

BOLUS.

a muscular tube through
which food passes from
the pharynx to the
stomach

ESOPHAGUS

During the act of swallowing, the bolus is transported by the esophagus into the stomach via wave-like contraction called…..

PERISTALSIS

expanded organ
located between the
esophagus and small
intestine.

STOMACH

STOMACH

\-stores the swallowed food

\-mixes the food with the digestive juice it produces

\-conveys its contents slowly into the small intestine

Investigation of the interior of the stomach reveals the presence of folds called……

RUGAE

The contraction or churning of the stomach mixes the food with the gastric juice until the food is changed into _____

which is the
semi-fluid, partly digested
food.

CHYME,

considered as the organ of
complete digestion and
absorption

longest organ of digestive
system

SMALL INTESTINE

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

also called as colon

LARGE INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE define…

temporary stores fecal
materials

absorbs vitamins produced by
certain symbiotic bacteria in
the colon

reabsorbs water from the
undigested residue

serves as a warehouse
for the undigested
residue or feces

rectum

functions as the exit
point for fecal materials

anus

Nutritional studies require the consumption of six types of
nutrients

water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
minerals, and vitamins.

are inorganic materials needed by the body to
maintain homeostasis.

Minerals

minerals needed by the body in small
amounts

(ex. iodine, zinc, and manganese)

Trace elements

are complex organic compounds that are not
manufactured by the body.

Vitamins

4 types of

Heterotrophs

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Detritivores

a disease caused by a serious vitamin C deficiency. Not eating enough fruits and vegetables is the main cause of the disease. lead to bleeding gums, loosened teeth and bleeding under your skin.

scurvy

a severe form of malnutrition. It's most common in some developing regions where babies and children do not get enough protein or other essential nutrients in their diet

Kwashiorkor

the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency

rickets

an eating disorder in which a person eats things not usually considered food.

pica

feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux). If it keeps happening, it's called gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).

heartburn

occur when acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine. The acid can create a painful open sore that may bleed. Your digestive tract is coated with a mucous layer that normally protects against acid.

peptic ulcer

a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose)

diabetes mellitus

an eating disorder that causes you to eat large amounts of food at one time (binge) and then get rid of it (purge)

bulimia nervosa

is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight.

anorexia nervosa

human are adapted to eating both plants and meats

omnivore

have large pointed incisors and canines that can be used to kill prey and rip or cut away pieces of flesh

carnivore

usually have premolar, molars wtih broad, ridge surfaces that grind tough plant material.

horses and deer

herbivore

the four most middle teeth on both the top and bottom jaws. take the first bites into food and help support the lips as well.

incisors

sit next to the incisors. have a sharp, pointy surface for tearing food.

canines

located behind the canines and in front of the molars. There are a total of eight. with four being located on the bottom row of teeth and four located on the top row of teeth.

premolars

flat teeth at the rear of the mouth. typically has four or five cusps. They are used exclusively for crushing and grinding. Wisdom teeth are also

molars

any of the small, slender, vascular projections that increase the surface area of a membrane

villi

a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food.

pepsin

Gastric chief cells secrete pepsin as an inactive zymogen

pepsinogen

responsible for gastric acid secretion, which aids in the digestion of food, absorption of minerals, and control of harmful bacteria.

Parietal cells

glands in the lining of the stomach that play an essential role in the process of digestion

gastric gland

indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the tubular shaped gastric glands.

gastric pits

a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver.

gall bladder

the largest solid organ in the body.

liver

A tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder, through the pancreas, and into the small intestine.

bile duct

the second largest of the three main salivary glands,, which also include the parotid and sublingual glands. he glands have a superficial and deep lobe separated by the mylohyoid muscle

submandibular gland

the smallest of the three major salivary glands, between the muscles of the floor of the oral cavity, which include the geniohyoid muscle, hyoglossus muscle medially, and the mylohyoid muscle inferiorly.

sublingual glands.

two salivary glands that sit just in front of the ears. There is one on each side of the face. Salivary glands make saliva to help with chewing and digesting food. There are many salivary glands in the lips, cheeks, mouth and throat.

parotid gland

is the uptake of molecular O2 from the
environment and the discharge of CO2 to the
environment.

Gas exchange

the process of obtaining sufficient oxygen and
expelling excessive amounts of carbon dioxide

Respiration

ribs expands the
volume of the thoracic
cavity

Inhalation

size of the thoracic
cavity reduced

ribs return to normal
position

Exhalation

diaphragm contracts

moves down

inhalation

diaphragm relaxes

moves up

exhalation

RESPIRATORY
ZONE

Bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveoli

pathway of carbon dioxide

EXPIRATION

pathway of oxygen

INSPIRATION

an infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated and inflamed.

Bronchitis

is one of the diseases that comprises COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). develops over time and involves the gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically the destruction of the alveoli (tiny air sacs).

Emphysema

is a disease caused by germs that are spread from person to person through the air. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine. A person with TB can die if they do not get treatment.

Tuberculosis

a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. The lungs are made up of small sacs called alveoli, which fill with air when a healthy person breathes.

Pneumonia

a buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity.

Pleural Effusion

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A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the lung.

\
Pneumothorax

also known as hypocapnia, is a decrease in alveolar and blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels below the normal reference range of 35 mmHg.

Hypocapnia

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a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis; this can result from inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues either due to low blood supply or low oxygen content in the blood

\
Hypoxia

upper respiratory tract

nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx