g

2, 1, 4, 3

What is the correct sequence of events along an axon that follows a membrane reaching threshold potential?

1. The membrane depolarizes.

2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward.

3. The membrane repolarizes.

4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward.

multipolar.

Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are

central

The brain and the spinal cord make up the \__________ nervous system.

Dendrite , cell body, axon hill, axon, axon terminal, synaptic knob

the direction of flow of electrical activity through a neuron, starting with the arrival of a signal at a dendrite.

axons

Synaptic knobs are at the ends of

Functions of the nervous system

The nervous system, with its sensory receptors, detects changes in the body.

The nervous system sends information via a network of cells using electrical signals called impulses.

By initiating responses to these changes in the body, the nervous system works to maintain homeostasis.

multiple sclerosis.

An immune response that affects the myelin coating on axons throughout the spinal cord and brain, triggering inflammation and leaving scars, is

somatic, Autonomic

The effectors of the \_______________ nervous system are skeletal muscles.

2. The effectors of the \_______________nervous system include cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

integrative, motor, and sensory.

Three general functions of the nervous system are

Neurons and neuroglia

Neural tissue consists of two cell types

Cells called \_____________ are specialized to send and receive nerve impulses.

2. Cells called \______________ have a support function, though they may also send and receive impulses.

1 axon, many dendrites

A neuron may have

Oligodendrocytes

Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord?

Myelin

consists of layers of lipids and proteins that wrap around an axon.

dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Neurotransmitters that are modified amino acids are

clinical depression.

Drugs that increase the actions of norepinephrine and/or serotonin by keeping them in synapses longer are most likely used to treat

1. Chromatophilic substance

2. Synaptic knobs

3. Collaterals

4. Neurofibrils

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum with neuron cell body

2. Release neurotransmitter molecules

3. Branches of an axon

4. Provide support for axon hillock and axon

Lost insulation from myelin will cause neurons of the PNS to lose saltatory conduction, resulting in poor muscle function.

In Guillain-Barre syndrome, the immune system attacks and degrades the myelin sheath of PNS axons. Predict the effect this will have on nerve impulse and motor function.

1. Motor function

2. Integrative function

3. Sensory function

1.Response

2. Decides response

3. Detects stimulus/informs CNS

thick and myelinated.

The most rapid conduction of an impulse along an axon occurs on a fiber that is

calcium ions.

When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are released in response to the presence of

clear and liquid.

Cerebrospinal fluid is

cerebrovascular accident.

Interruption of blood flow to the brain that can damage the cerebrum is called a

The occipital lobe

A person receives blunt-force trauma to the back of the head. They report a major loss in vision. Which lobe of the brain has most likely been damaged?

1. Ventricles / Blood

2. chorid plexuses

3. ventricles / central canal

4. arachnoid granulation

5. subarachnoid space / dural sinuses

1. The cavities, or+++++++++++++++, in the brain are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear liquid filtrate from the +++++++

2. The CSF is secreted by the +++++++++, which are found in the cavities of the brain.

3. After being produced, the CSF then circulates through the ++++++++ of the brain and the +++++++++ of the spinal cord.

4. CSF is then reabsorbed into the blood through tiny structures called +++++++++++++

5. These tiny structures project from the ++++++++++++ into the +++++++++++.

Cerebellum

The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements is the

motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost.

If the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca's area is damaged,

cerebral cortex.

Brain waves are recordings of activity in the

may indicate an injury to the corticospinal tract.

Stephanie is in a car accident, flung from her vehicle and landing on her back on pavement. At the scene, an emergency medical technician checks her Babinski reflex, in which the great toe extends upward and the smaller toes fan apart. This reflex

Corpus callosum

Meninges

Gyrus

Sulcus

Fissure

Collection of myelinated axons which connect cerebral hemispheres

Membranes to cover and protect brain and spinal cord

Ridge or convolution on the surface of the brain

A shallow groove on the surface of the brain

A deep groove on the surface of the brain

The ulnar nerve

After a particularly bad forearm break, a person loses motor function and feeling in their 4th and 5th phalanges, along with the side of the hand directly above these fingers. Which nerve(s) has/have been damaged?

amygdala.

The part of the brain that assigns value to a memory is the

Thalamus

Which of the following is a major portion of the diencephalon?

transverse fissure

The \__________ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

spinal reflex

The simplest level of CNS function is the

a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter.

The spinal cord has

higher intellectual processes, such as reasoning and judgment.

The function of the association area in the frontal lobe is

temporal lobes.

frontal lobes

occipital lobes

motor cortex

parietal lobes

insulae

Olfaction and hearing are processed in the ++++++

The +++++++++ provide a critical function in motivation, logical reasoning, expression of emotion, and social attitudes.

Housing the visual centers, the +++++++++receive inputs from the optic nerves via the optic radiations.

The frontal lobe includes the primary ++++++++, which controls voluntary motor functions.

The ++++++++ contain areas that receive general sensory input and areas that interpret the input.

The deepest of the cerebral lobes, the +++++++++ are also the smallest and least understood lobes.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain; reasoning, memory, and voluntary responses

Diencephalon

One of the four major portions of the brain; surrounds third ventricle

Brainstem

Regulates visceral activities and involuntary responses; connects diencephalon to spinal cord

Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary muscle movement

Thalamus

In the diencephalon, is a relay area for sensory impulses

Hypothalamus

In the diencephalon, links the endocrine to the neural systems

Midbrain

In the brainstem, has auditory and visual reflex centers

pons

In the brainstem, helps maintain breathing

medulla oblongata

In the brainstem, controls vital visceral activities

Visceral pain that is sensed as coming from another body part

What is meant by the term referred pain?

photoreceptor cells

Chemoreceptor

Pain receptor

Thermoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Light energy

Changes in concentrations of chemicals

Any factor that causes tissue damage