Life is Cellular / Cell Organelles (Biology H)

Cell

Smallest unit of life

How did we discover cells?

In the 1500’s, eyeglass makers discovered you could put multiple lenses together to magnify small objects

What did the discovery of multiple lenses together to magnify small objects lead to?

The creation of our microscopes, and glasses

In ____, ____ used first light microscope to look at corks (plant material)

1665, Robert Hooke

What did Robert Hooke discover?

He discovered chambers that looked like rooms in a monastery and called them “cells”

Around the same time as Robert Hooke, _____ used a ___ lens microscope to look at pond water and saw tiny living organisms, where he called them ___

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, single, animalcules

Cells are the most ______ that is still considered a ____.

basic unit of life, living thing

In ___, ____ conclusion was that all plants are made of ____.

1838, Matthias Schleiden’s, cells

In ___, ____ states that all animals are made of ___.

1839, Theodor Schawnn, cells

In ___, ___ concluded that new ___ can be produced from only_____ of existing ___

1855, Rudolf Virchow, cells, divisons, cells

The Cell Theory: 1, 2, 3

• All living things are made up of cells

• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

• New cells are produced from existing cells

Cells can only get so ____. Smaller cells have a ____ of surface area - work more ___ than larger cells do. Think of a balloon - if it gets too large, it can pop.

large, greater percentage, efficiently

Microscopes work by using beams of ___ or___ to produced ___ images.

light, electrons, magnified 

**Compound Light Microscopes: What do they do?

Use light to pass through a specimen with two lenses

**Electron Microscopes: What do they do?

Use beams of electrons focused by magnetic fields. Can look at things 1 billionth of a meter in size.

**Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): What do they do?

Transmits electrons through specimen to look inside cell structures 

**Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): What do they do?

electrons are bounced off the outside of the specimen to observe 3D images of the surface of a specimen

___ CELLS contain ___ , _____, ____ and are surrounded by a ____.

ALL, DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane

Prokaryotic cells: ___ celled, have no ___, and no ___, very ___ and simple.

single, nucleus, organelles, small

The ONLY example of Prokaryotic cells is

Bacteria

Eukaryotic cells: cells that enclose their ___ in a ___; more complex, have _____.

DNA, Nucleus, membrane bound organelles

Examples of Eukaryotic cells include:

Plants, animals, fungi, protists

Unicellular organisms:

Single celled (bacteria, yeast, protists)

Multicellular organisms

made up of multiple cells that have differentiated to have specialized functions

Examples of Multicellular organisms

Blood cell - carry oxygen throughout the body
Pancreatic Cells - produce enzymes to digest food particles
Muscle cells - lots of mitochondria to create energy for movement

Levels of Organization: (4)

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems

Levels of Organization (2) Tissues:

group of similar cells that perform special function (muscle, nervous, skin, connective tissues in animals)

Levels of Organization (3) Organs:

groups of tissues working together

Levels of Organization: (4th Level) Organ Systems:

Groups of organs working together to perform a specific function

“little organs” specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell

organelles

What are the two main parts of the cell?

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

portion of the cell outside the nucleus, found in both pro and eukaryotic cells

Cytoplasm

Contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA; coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules, found only in eukaryotic cells

Nucleus

What is the name for the genetic information inside the nucleus?

Chromosomes/Chromatin

Inner portion of nucleus where ribosomes are formed, found only in eukaryotic cells

Nucleolus

What is the name for the organelle that produces proteins, found in both pro and eukaryotic cells, and found throughout cytoplasm and/or attached to ER.

Ribosomes

Where lipids, proteins, and other materials are made for the cell; also transports these materials

ER

creates proteins - ribosomes on surface make it appear rough

Rough ER

creates lipids and carbohydrates - detoxifies drugs, found in eukaryotic cells only 

Smooth ER

This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and cell materials - packages either stored in cell or released, found in eukaryotic cells only

Golgi Apparatus

THis organelle stores materials like water, salts, and proteins and carbohydrates.

Vacuole

How are vacuoles involved with plants?

Central vacuole in plants (increases rigidity) and contractile vacuoles in paramecium (pump out water)

Vacuoles are found in

Both pro and eukaryotic cells

This organelle stores and moves materials between organelles and outside cell, found in both pro and eukaryotic cells

Vesicles

The organelle that has enzymes to break down macromolecules and digest worn out cell parts

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are found in

eukaryotic animal cells only

The role of the lysosomes is taken on by ___ in plant cells.

Vacuoles

Cytoskeleton

a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and also involved in movement

The cytoskeleton of a cell is found in _____

both pro and eukaryotic cells

Microfilaments

threadlike protein structures that produce a flexible framework that supports the cell. Also responsible for cytoplasmic movements.

Microtubules

hollow protein structures that help a cell to maintain shape. Also form mitotic spindle during cell division.

Centrioles: where are they located and what is their purpose? Where are they found?

located near nucleus; help organize cell division. Eukaryotic animal cells only

What are the two organelles that allow movement?

Cillia, Flagella

Cillia

hair like projections that allow for movement

Flagella

long whip like tail that enables a cell to swim rapidly through liquid

Both the Cillia and Flagella can be found in _________

single celled pro and/or eukaryotic organisms.

Cell Membrane: made up of a strong ________ that separates the cell from its surroundings; ______ what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell.

Found in ______

lipid bilayer, regulates, all cell types

Cell Wall: outside of cell membrane - gives ___, ___ and ____ for cells

Found in plants, fungi and most prokaryotes.

Made up of ____ in plant cells

support, shape, protection, cellulose

Chloroplasts: site of _______ - captures sun energy to convert into ____ energy

Green plant cells only

photosynthesis, chemical

Mitochondria: “power plant” of the cell - convert the ____ energy from food molecules into _____ that can be used by cell; site for_________

Found in all eukaryotic cells.

chemical, compounds, cellular respiration

Organelles that build proteins? (1)

Ribosomes

Organelles that Store and Clean Up (3)

Vacuoles, vesicles, lysosomes

Organelles that Support (2)

Cytoskeleton, centrioles

Organelles that Capture and Release Energy (2)

Chloroplast, Mitochondria