COGPSY REVIEWER

The information relay station

Thalamus

Lobe that is associated with somasensory processing

Parietal lobe

Part of the division of thw brain known as mesencepahlone.

Midbrain

Branchllike structures that receives information from other neurons

Dendrites

Chemical messengers for the transmissions

Neurotranmsitter

A study done after death often use dissection to study the relation between the brain and behaviour to observe and dosument signs for brain damage

Post mortem studies

A mass of tissue of abnormal cella that occur in either the gray or white matter of the brain aka neoplams

Brain tumor

A static imaging that examinea bloodflow

Angiography

Type of head injury ahere the skull remains intact but there is damage to the brain, typically from the force of a blow to the head.

Closed-head injury

It is a sugar required for the brain activities needed during active mental activities

Gluecose

The outermoat layer of the brain, its surface has many folds, giving it wrinkled appearance

Cerebral cortex

The inuitive aka the avatar of emotion and creativity

Right hemisphere

It is for the logical, analytical and intellectual part of the brain

Left hemisphere

It states that smarter brains consumes less sugar and tgerefore expand less effort than less smart brains doing the same task

Intelligence and brain metabolism

It stresses the importance of interconnected brain regions in determining differences in intelligence

The P-fit theory of intelligence

It plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes. And comprises by cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus

The forebrain

Also called neoplasms can affect the cognitive functioning in very serious ways

Tumor

Lobe that is responaible for conciousness and attention also receives information from neurons about touch and pain

Parietal lobe

Axons are covered with marshmallow like substance made up of proteinband fatty substances. It allows electrical impulses to travel quickly.

Myelin sheath

These two techniques which both derived from living and death were among various methods scientists employed to investigate human brain.

Vivo and post mortem

A set of processes by which we recognize, organize and make sense from the sensation we receive from the environmental stimuli

Perception

The means by which data is conveyed from the object to the perceiver: light rays, sound waves, chemical particles, heat, etc.

Informational medium

Which model are image demons receive a retinal image and pass it on to feuture demons. These matches are yelled out at demons at the next level of hierarchy, the cognitive thinking demons.

Feature matching model

In mentally organizing stimuli, the objects that are physically close to one another are grouped together or seen as a unit

Proximity

Refers to color blindness in which also called as achromacy and described have vision at all

Rod monochromacy

Refers to an unstructured visual field

Ganzfeld effect

It is a long thin photoreceptors they are more highly concentrated in the periphery of the retina than in foveal region

Rods

Appearance of rhe object itself

Object centered representation

It considers the appearance of an object relative to the viewer

View-centered representation

Occurs when our perception of an object remains the same even when our proximal sensation of the sistal object changes

Perceptual constancies

Procedure of compiling, organizing and analyzing data. This process has an impact on communication since our responses to stimuli-be the people or objects- depend on how we perceive them

Perception

He introduced the basic concepts of perceptio. The distal (external object), information medium, proximal stimulation and perceptual objects

James Gibson

These are responsible for vision at low light levels or socrotopic vision

Rods

Functions of cones

Responsible for higher light levels or photopic vision

These template are higly detailed modelas for patterms we potentially might recognize

Template theory

The object that is closer to you the grater the disparity between the views of it as sensed in each of your eyes

Binocular disparity

The inability to identify an object using one or more of the senses

Agnosia

Describe as a tried of optic ataxia, oculomotor apraxia, and simultagnosia.

Balint-Holmes syndrome

They see only shades of gray as a function of their vision throught the rods of the eye

Rod monochromacy or achromacy

Extreme form of red-green color blindness is called

Protopia

It was developed in germany in the early 20th century and is useful partixularly for understanding how we perceive grpups of objects or even parts of objects to form integral wholes

Gestalt theory

It is a law wherein we tend to perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form

Law of pragnanz

The inability to recognize faces-would imply damage of some kind to the configurational system

Prospoganosia

The distance from the surface, usually using your own body as a reference surface when speaking interms of depth perception

Depth perception

What do you call the ablity to focus on one aspect of scene and analyze it extensively using our limited cognitive capacity.

Attention

One of the earliest models of attention

Broadbent’s model

While focusing on your friend’s words during a conversation, in a busy place, such as a café or cafeteria, you pay attention to the background noise

Selective attention

You are singing along to a song while driving in a car

Divided attention

Items in disctinctive feautures that stand out in the display

Featural singetons

One of the three subfunctions of attention where we are in the process of getting in the state of preparedness

Alerting

What do you call a phenomenon where you try to remember something that is stored in a memory but that cannot readliy be retrieved

The tip-of-the-tongue

Is performed without consious awareness byt you are aware that you are performing them

Automatic process

A type of condition where people have difficulties in focusing their attention in ways enable them to adapt in optimal ways to their environment

ADHD

All of the choices are different between sensory adaptation and habituation; except one: I. Not/Accessible to conscious control

II. Not/Tied closely to stimulus intensity

III. Not/Tied very closely to the number, length, and recency of prior exposure

IV. Not/Use of Attentional Resources

\

IV. Not/Use of attentional resources

Means by which we actively process a limited amount of information from the enormous amount of information available through our senses, our stored memories and oir other cognitive processes

Attention

To detect whether we did not sense a signal

Signal detection Vigilance

A search which distinctive feature stands out in display

Feature search

A phenomenon in which people are not able to see things that are actually there

Inattentional blindness

A psychological phenomenon where eposure to one stimulus influence the response to other stimulus

Priming

It can also refer to information available for cognitive processing but that currently lies outside concious awareness

Preconcious

The process of turning a task or activity from controlled process to automatic process through practice

Automization

It involves our becoming accustomed to a stinulus as a result of paying less and less attention

Habituation

A type of process that requires a great deal of a person’s mental resources

Controlled process

A theory of logan (1988), suggesting that automization occurs because we gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responaes to stimuli

Instance theory

One of the three common opration of memory tgat transform sensory data into form of mental representation

Encoding

Requires indivual to retrieve memories without any help of external cues

Recall

Where an individual is able to identify a piece of information from memory with thehelpd of external cues

Recognition

Whatare the memory stores in the traditional model of memory

Sensory store, short tern store, long term store

Proposed by allan baddeley and graham hitch in 1974

Working memory

A theory that is based on scientific and evolutionary evidence which lead us to conseptualize memory nit as unitary system but multipl systems that work independentlyin synchrony, and/or incompetitoon with each other.

multiple memory system

It is a prpcess of producing retrieveal of memories that would seem to have been forgotten

Hypermnesia

Severe loss of explicit memory

Amnesia

A region of the brain primarily associated with emotional processes

Amygdala

You produce a fact, a word, or other items from memory

Recall

You select or otherwise identify an otem as being one that you have been exposed to previously

Recognition

The main types in which you recall items in the exact order in which they were presented

Serial recall

When you recall an item in any order you choose

Free recall

Main types in which called paired associated recall

Cued recall

The process of putting information into a form that will allow it to fit with your personal storage system

Encoding

Maintaining encoded information in a memory store

Memory storage

Process of getting information back from long term memory to be used in working memory

Retrieval

This happens when competing information causes us to forget something, it usually happens during the learning process when ine of our memories interferes with another.

Intereference theory

This interference occurs when newly acquired knowledge impledes the recall of older material

Retroactive interference

These effects refer to the superior recall of words and near the end of the list

Recency effect

A memory of individuals history and is constructive

Autobiographical memory

Memories that are alleged to have been pushed down into unconciousness bacause of the distress they cause re

Respressed memories

Process of integrating new information into stored information

Consolidation

Ability to think about and control our own processes thought and ways of enhancing our thinking

Metacignition

The repeated recitation of an item

Rehearsal

These are specific techniques to helpd you memorize list of words

Mnemonic devices

Refers to simultaneous handling of multiple operations

Parallel processing

Theory that staes our memories decays over time

Decay theory

Memory distortion divided into 7 by Daniel Shacter

7 sins of memory

Refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory

Retrieval

It refers to the presence of information stored in long term memory

Availability

It is a degree to which we can gain access to available information in long term memory

Accessibility

Suggest that we do not store mental representations in the form of images or mere words

Propositional theory

A mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by the same sense organs

Imagery

According to this theory, we both use pictprial pr verbal codes for representing information

Dual code theory

Manipulating image size

reLative size