psych 2

Attitudes

evaluations of people, objects, and ideas (internal psychological structure) (explain behavior) (involve evaluations)

affectively based attitude

an attitude based primarily on people's emotions and feelings about the attitude object (comes from our values + emotions)

Give 2 examples of affectively based attitude

I like it despite its negative qualities or feel bad for speeding in a kids zone

3 things in common with affectively based attitude

1) they do not result from a rational examination

2) they are not governed by logic

3) they are often linked to peoples values

cognitively based attitude

an attitude based primarily on people's beliefs about the properties of an attitude object (cost-benefit analysis) (what features do the object come with)

Give an example of cognitively based attitude

evaluation of smoking (is it risky? is it best for my health)

behaviourally based attitude

An attitude based primarily on observations of how one behaves toward an attitude object (unsure until we experience it) (actions speaker louder than words)

Give 2 examples of behaviorally based attitude

new years resolution: I say I will get better but do not continue to go to the gym

la piere study of Asians and restaurants

explicit attitudes

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report (voluntarily and conscious)

implicit attitudes

attitudes that influence a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

What is explicit attitudes rooted in? What about implicit?

explicit\= recent experiences

implicit\= childhood experiences

peoples attitudes are poor predictors of their \________

behaviour

The more accessible it is, the more likely the spontaneous behaviour will be consistent with the \_______

attitude

theory of planned behaviour

a theory that the best predictors of a person's planned, deliberate behaviours are the person's attitudes toward specific behaviours, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control

Who created the theory of planned behaviour

Icek Azjen

What are the 3 parts of the theory of planned behaviour? What 2 things comes after?

Attitude toward the behaviour, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control leads to behavioural intention leading to behaviour

Attitude toward the behvaiour

peoples specific attitude toward the behaviour, not their general attitude (competing attitude making it challenging) (is it internal or situational? is it relevant)

subjective norms

people's beliefs about how other people they care about will view the behavior in question (specific people) (less abstract more powerful on behaviour)

perceived behavioural control

the ease with which people believe they can perform the behaviour (self efficacy) (subjective belief) (depending if we have experienced it or not for powerful assumption)

persuasive communication

communication advocating a particular side of an issue

Yale Attitude Change Approach

The study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages, focusing on the source of the communication, the nature of the communication, and the nature of the audience

3 parts of the Yale attitude change approach

1) source of communication- how expert or attractive the speaker is (credible source)

2) communication itself- the quality of the arguments (do they bring up both sides)

3) nature of the audience- which kinds of appeals work with hostile versus friendly audiences

elaboration likelihood model

theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route (people influenced by what the speech says or influenced of the speakers/speech characteristics)

central route persuasion

the case in which people have both the ability and the motivation to elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments presented (influenced by what the speech says) (logic)

peripheral route persuasion

the case in which people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by more superficial cues (influenced by more superficial characteristics) (who gives the speech or how long)

Fear-Arousing Communication and an example

a persuasive message that attempts to change people's attitudes by arousing their fears (ex: cigarette package)

western ads promote \_________ and \_______ while asian ads promote \_______ and \______

western\= individualism and dependence

asian\= collectivism and interdependence

what 2 things influence behaviour?

subjective norm and informal norm

subjective norms

what I think is normal (depends on surrounding)

informal norm

bring booze to a party (societal norms but not laws)

How to change attitude and behaviour

make it consistent (self efficacy)

adaptive preferences

strong or positive attitude because there isn't another option

the theory of reasoned action

aims to explain the relationship between attitudes and behaviors within human action (used to predict how individuals will behave based on their pre-existing attitudes and behavioral intentions)

who created the theory of reasoned action?

Icek Azjen

Explain the theory of reasoned action path way give

attitude (how do they feel about it) + subjective norms (my own beliefs on norms) \= behavioural intention \= behaviour

give 2 examples of the theory of reasoned action

being sexist or being more green

why would someone maintain an attitude? explain 2 functions and examples of each

instrumental function\= lets us do things (maximize cost)

ex: chocolate like it or not, taste from attitude, not always healthy or affective, makes us happy

knowledge function\= attitudes are preformed, we think about our actions, thoughts in attitudes

ex:: ego defensive function express values

Sumbliminal Messages

words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but that supposedly influence peoples judgements, attitudes, and behaviours

attitude inoculation

the process of making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position

What makes people less susceptible to an attempt to change their attitude

warning them of the upcoming attempt

cognitive dissonance and give an example

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs (behaviour different from attitude) (ex: sunbathing causes cancer)

How do we get rid of discomfort from cognitive dissonance?

change our attitude to fit our behaviour or justify our behvaiour by adding new cognition (ex: smoking isn't bad)

psot decision dissonance

dissonance that is aroused after making a decision; such disssonance is typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluing the rejected alternatives (overcome buyers remorse) (ex toni is more fun and kim is ugly)

the \______ permanent and less revocable the decision, the \_____ the need to reduce dissonance

more and greater

dissonance reduction behaviour \=

change in system of values (ex: cheating)

justification of effort

the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain

external justification and give an example

A person's reason or explanation for dissonant behaviour that resides outside the individual (e.g., to receive a large reward or avoid a severe punishment) (ex: telling your friends bad painting is good)

internal justification

the reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself (one's attitude or behaviour)

counterattitudinal behavior

acting in a way that runs counter to one's private belief or attitude (saying is believing) (believe the lie we told)

insufficient external justification can result in \__________

attitude change

Insuffiecient punishment

the dissonance aroused when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object, usually resulting in individuals devaluing the forbidden activity or object (can result in attitude change)

The less serve you make the threat, the \______ external justification, the \_______ the need for internal justification (incourages compliance but prevents \________)

less and higher

real attitude change

What 2 ways people reduce dissonance for committing cruel acts?

justify it and dehumanize the victim

hypocrisy induction

The arousal of dissonance by having individuals make statements that run counter to their behaviors and then reminding them of the inconsistency between what they advocated and their behavior. The purpose is to lead individuals to more responsible behavior.

self-affirmation theory and give an example

A theory suggesting that people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat to their self-concept by focusing on and affirming their competence on some dimension unrelated to the threat (minimize dissonance) (ex: I have a bad habit of smoking but at least I can sing)

Asian cultures experience \_____ dissonance than western cultures on self unless it deals with a group

less

an interdependent self affirmation diminished the need for dissonance reduction among \______ cultures

western

an independent self affirmation diminished the need for dissonance reduction among \_______ cultures

asian

2 reasons why not all hypocrisy have cognitive dissonance

need to feel discomfort and may be unaware of the incompatible between the 2 ( behaviour and attitude)

What is used to point out cognitive dissonance

intervention

when publicly doing something is more likely to change \______ and cause \______

attitude and dissonance

Is there an experience of cognitive dissonance if behaviour and attitude do not add up?

No

Conformity

A change in one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people

infromational social influence and give an example

conforming because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action (rely on social comparison) (ex: picking 3 pieces of pizza because everyone else did)

private acceptance

conforming to other people's behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right

public compliance

conforming to other people's behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what the other people are doing or saying (avoid standing out)

When are we more likely to rely on other people for information and guidance?

when faced with an important decision

When do people conform to informational social influence? (x4)

1) ambiguous situations (fire alarm goes off we conform)

2) crisis situation (mass hysteria)

3) when other people are experts

4) not invested ( i will get she is eating)

normative social influence

the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them (results in public compliance but not necessarily in private acceptance)

formal norm example

Laws

informal norm example

not to stare at strangers

conforming avoids \________ or \________

being ridiculed or the nest victim

social impact theory

the idea that conforming to social influence depends on the group's importance(strength), immediacy, and the (number) of people in the group

3 parts to the social impact theory

1) strength- how important is the group to you

2) immediacy- how close is the group to you in space and time during the influence attempt

3) number- how many people are in the group

resisting such auonimous social influence is difficult or even impossible unless you have an \______

ally

women conform on more \______ items while men conform on more \_____ items

masculine and feminine

participants in collectivist cultures showed \______ rates of conformity on the line task than participants in individualist cultures

higher

hunting and fishing societies value \______

independence

agricultural societies value \______

interdependence

3 ways to resist normative pressure

1) be aware of the social normative influence operating

2) take action (find an ally)

3) conforming to normative influence most of the time earns you the right to deviate occasionally without serious consequences

women are \____x more likely to suffer from an eating disorder

10

minority influence

the case where a minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority (key is consistency) (multiculturalism view helps)