Soc final

Former teacher Jonathan Kozol conducted an ethnography of public schools in major cities across the United States for his book Savage Inequalities. In his study, Kozol found that schools reinforce inequality by

using local property taxes to fund public schools, trapping poor children in poor schools.

According to Jean Baudrillard, an image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real can be referred to as a(n)

simulacrum

What is the process called in which students are tested and the results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.)?

tracking

Evangelical Christianity is characterized by a focus on

converting others to their way of worshipping

This is the most extreme form of authoritarianism.

totalitarianism

How is a sociological definition of religion different from commonsense, everyday definition?

A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all varieties of religious experiences.

John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon debated during the 1960 presidential campaign. Voters who watched the debate on television were more likely to see Kennedy as the winner than those who listened to it on radio. Why?

Nixon refused to take advice on hair, makeup, and clothing that would have made him look better on camera.

The power elite consists of ______ of the American population, according to a recent study.

considerably less than 1 percent

Which of the following techniques is used to disenfranchise part of the American population today?

denying people who have been convicted of felonies the right to vote for the rest of their lives

Lessons that students learn indirectly through the method in which the curriculum is presented and they way the school is organized are know as

the hidden curriculum

\_____ is what sociologists call marriage to someone within one's social group

endogamy

Laura Scott describes U.S. society as _______, suggesting that U.S. cultural values support childbearing and child-rearing as the normative and preferred practice.

pronatalist

In the past, a woman in North Carolina would be found guilty of "lewd and lascivious association" if she lived with her boyfriend. Her behavior today would be known as

cohabitation

Which of the following seems to make people, in general, more likely to define as a family?

the presence of children

Approximately half of all millennials say that marrying someone of a different race is good for society.

True

Most young people face similar financial pressures while in their twenties, but considerably more men move back in with their parents than woman. What is one reason for this?

Woman lose more independence when they move back home than men do.

The last antimiscegenation law in the United State was struck down in

1967

Very few people in the United States today marry outside their own socioeconomic class, which suggest that there is a high degree of

endogamy

Until recently, South Korea had laws in place banning marriage between people who belonged to the same clan. Therefore, they were required to practice

exogamy

Bloomsbury Academic Press hosted a competition in 2008 called "Remix the Remixer" to celebrate the release of Lawrence Lessig's book. Contest entrants were asked to find a video. interview, or written work of Lessig's, mash it up with another piece of Lessig's work, and create something new such as a video, photo, or text. What is this sort of artistic activity called?

textual poaching

What does the uses and gratifications paradigm assume about media audiences?

They are actively engaged.

What does the sociologist Richard Sennett mean when he says that modernity has seen the "fall of public man"?

People increasingly spend time with their immediate families or close friends, and the home becomes the site of leisure activities.

A president knows that a newspaper will fact-check a statement if he release it to the newspaper. Consequently, he decides to post the state on his Twitter account instead. This is an example of a politician

bypassing traditional media outlets.

The wireless carrier Verizon bought the internet provider Yahoo. What term best describes the combination of these two companies?

merger

What do sociologists call the customs, practices, and values expressed in a particular place by the people who interact there?

idioculture

How does free time (nonwork time) differ from leisure time?

leisure time implies the ability to make choices

A series of polls in 2003 showed that people who primarily got their news from the Fox News Channel were significantly more likely to believe that Iraq played a part in the 9/11 attacks. Many people saw this as evidence of the way the media shaped public opinion, but some believed that those who already believed this simply gravitated to Fox. This is an example of

reinforcement theory

Technological advances have transformed the nature of recreation because recreation

has moved inside the home and away from public spaces.

The rise of the suburbs affected the way people used their leisure time because it

encouraged them to spend their leisure time in their own homes.

Flint, Michigan, is a majority African American city dealing with contaminated water. Flint has been pointed to as an example of

environmental racism

The Industrial Revolution made cities necessary, as large numbers of people were needed to work in factories. Why have many people found city life to be attractive ever since?

Cities offer a high degree of personal freedom

An edge city is different from a suburb because it

has its own centers of employment and commerce

Prior to the 19th and 20th centuries, most people throughout the world lived in rural rather than urban areas.

True

North Dakota has experienced one of the highest population growth rated in the U.S. in the recent past due to an oil boom. Which demographic variable explains this?

migration

In the past, most people lived in rural areas and small towns, where it was surprising to an encounter an actual stranger. Today, most of live in cities, where we are constantly surrounded by total strangers. This leads directly to

social atomization

A government continues to privatize once public environment continues to privatize once public environmental resources, such as forests. This government does so to grow its revenue stream while the private companies who gain ownership of the forest continue deforestation at exponentially higher levels, permanently eliminating most of the country's tree, all in the name of great profit margins. What is this an example of?

treadmill of productions

In which year did the first United States Census take place?

1790

An urban neighborhood formerly home to mostly low income people suddenly develops an assortment of upscale restaurants, coffee shops, hip boutiques, and are galleries that most of its original residents cannot afford. What is happening to neighborhood?

It is becoming gentrified

Will the world population continue to grow, or will it eventually stabilize?

We may not know the answer for many years

The majority of appointed U.S. treasury secretaries have been either former partners or managers of Goldman Sachs, which is a global investment management firm. Sociologists would argue that this overlap between private business and the federal government is an example of

the power elite

Jacobson and Rosenthal's Pygmalion in the Classroom showed that

students whom teachers expect to do well tend to fare better in the classroom

What variable would account for the dramatic jump in test scores evidenced by the students in Rosenthal and Jacobson's Pygmalion in the Classroom?

teacher attitudes

The fact that school schedules are organized around Christmas is evidence

the united states is not a totally secular society

What are systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals called?

social institutions

Reading bedtime stories to children is an important task in many families. What part of reading the bedtime story is an instrumental task?

getting children into pajamas, tucked into bed, and then to sleep

According to symbolic interactionists Jay Gubrium and Jim Holstein, what form does the family take in contemporary society?

"The family" does not exist; rather, family is a fluid, adaptable set of concepts and practices

How could new technologies like the internet decrease the importance of propinquity in mate selection while preserving or even increasing the importance of homogamy?

by bringing people together from all over the world based on similar interests or backgrounds

According to Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas, young women of low socioeconomic status have children because

a baby is a symbol of belonging, and motherhood can lead to respect from one's community

Contemporary scholars do not believe that the rhetoric of individual rights has impacted group values.

false

The assumption that media consumers automatically accept whatever meaning is in the "texts" they consume is called

the magic bullet theory

Project Censored posts a list of the twenty-five most censored news stories every year. These stories are "censored," though not in the sense that the media are legally prohibited from covering them. They are considered "censored" because most major media outlets have systematically ignored them and, in the process, determined what the public will think about. What theory explains this?

agenda setting theory

Which of the following would you expect to see happen in the future if the pattern of demographic transition that followed the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States is repeated in Africa?

decreasing mortality rates

What was most environmental activism focused on during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

the protection and conservation of wilderness

According to Herbert Gans, you would be considered __________ if you move to New York City because you love theater.

a cosmopolite

Environmental justice claims that those who are most responsible for climate change suffer the most from it.

false

Oxygen is an example of a renewable resource, as it is a natural resource that can be replenished by plants and trees.

true

The globe will have two billion more people living on it by the year 2050, according to the United Nations estimates. At that point, the population may actually shrink because, although life expectancy may continue to rise, the average number of children each person gives birth to is poised to drop below 2.1. What demographic variable might make the global population drop?

fertility

In the past, most people lived in rural areas and small towns, where it was surprising to encounter an actual stranger. Today, most of us live in cities, where we are constantly surrounded by total strangers. This leads directly to

social atomization

The federal government plans to store nuclear waste under a mountain in Nevada, but many people who live in Nevada are trying their best to have it housed elsewhere. This is a classic example of

NIMBY

One of the major problems with slowing greenhouse gas emissions lies in the developing world, where many countries are just now starting to burn fossil fuels at the same rate as the industrialized world. Aside from the pollution produced, this is also a problem because there is not enough oil left for the world to burn it at its current rate. What do many people believe we need to solve this problem?

sustainability

The principle of the free press as a voice of the people has been complicated since the U.S. Constitution was crafted because of

conglomeration and media concentration

What are fans of the original Star Trek series doing when they edit recorded episodes of the TV show to make it appear that Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock are passionate gay lovers?

textual poaching

The increase in leisure time in the twentieth century was due to

increases in industrial productivity and time-saving technologies

The Covid-19 pandemic had a positive impact on the leisure and hospitality sector of the economy.

false

Polysemy can explain why some individuals feel that Schitt's Creek is a great show while others do not.

true

Which of the following seems to make people, in general, more likely to define a group as a family?

the presence of children

Technology has facilitated the shift from spontaneous to organized recreation because it has

made it easier to organize people

How are children of divorced parents today different from children of divorced parents in the 1970s?

How are children of divorced parents today different from children of divorced parents in the 1970s?

Most individuals experience an increase in happiness when they become parents, especially in the first two years of a newborn's life

false

What is the term for the range of behaviors that abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims?

manipulation

What feature of modern politics closely resembles short, limited Twitter posts?

sound bites

There is little to no difference between Republicans and Democrats in how much they trust the media or which news sources they prefer.

false

What was Jonathan Kozol's impression of the poorly funded schools he visited in urban Chicago?

They were extraordinarily unhappy places

Robert is walking down the street late at night when a man in a ski mask suddenly sticks a gun in his face and takes his wallet. Sociologists would say that Robert's mugger had __________ but not __________.

power; authority

What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States?

Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability

Arlo's uncle only listens to and watches political commentary that confirms rather than challenges his existing beliefs. His social media feeds are also filled with like-minded people. A sociologist would say that Arlo's uncle

is stuck in a political echo chamber.

The extent of a person's consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs is known as

religiosity

American ideology focuses on the importance of marriage and family values and assumes that the family is at the center of almost everyone's life. How does this compare to the way people really live?

increasing both marriage and family are less central to the lives of average americans

What is the goal of early college high schools, according to the textbook?

to make it easier for students from underserved backgrounds to college

Inequalities in education are even wider at the college level.

true

What subjects were taught in European universities during the Middle Ages?

law, theology, and medicine

How does the academic achievement of homeschooled students compare to that of public school students?

Homeschooled students perform significantly better, on average, than public school students

Which of the following is an example of how the hidden curriculum can reinforce inequality?

Curriculum may recognize and celebrate diversity, but most professors and administrators are white and heterosexual

In Schooling in Capitalist America, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis argued that schools train a labor force in the skills and attitudes necessary for the health of a modern economy. What are these skills and attitudes?

taking orders and performing repetitive tasks

In 2008, women were about 80 percent likely to be granted sole custody of children following a divorce.

false

JDate is a website that helps Jewish people form romantic relationships, especially those who are not practicing Jews or who live in areas where there are not many other Jews. Jewish people who use this website care about

homogamy

The radio played a news story about the murder of a twenty-five-year-old married woman with one child. Who would you expect the police to first investigate for the crime?

her husband

What is it called when individuals must care for both their own children and their elderly parents?

the sandwich generation effect

The increasing number of Americans who move out of state to attend college will decrease the importance of __________, assuming that students start new romantic relationships in school.

propinquity

The last antimiscegenation law in the United States was struck down in

1967

A series of polls in 2003 showed that people who primarily got their news from the Fox News Channel were significantly more likely to believe that Iraq had played a part in the 9/11 attacks. Many people saw this as evidence of the way the media shaped public opinion, but some believed that those who already believed this simply gravitated to Fox. This is an example of

reinforcement therapy

An advertisement company uses online data to determine that Kelly is a white twenty-two-year-old female who goes to church every week. The advertisement company uses that data to determine which media advertisements Kelly will see online. How is the company deciding which advertisements Kelly will like?

by sorting Kelly and others into taste publics

Which theory of media consumption combines elements of both the magic bullet theory and the uses and gratifications theory?

Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model

Urban density is measured by the number of

people per square mile

\__________ is one of the categories of urbanites identified by Herbert Gans in his ethnography Urban Villagers.

Cosmopolites

In the past seventy years, the Earth's population has

nearly tripled

A bar and grill has a "backgammon night" on the third Wednesday of every month. The bar provides backgammon boards and pieces. A fairly regular group of players come in, share a few drinks, and play backgammon. Of what is this an example?

a lifestyle enclave

Some women accept the burdens of the "second shift" in order to avoid conflict with their husbands or children. How does this affect them?

it makes them unhappy and numb

The difference between leisure and recreation is that

leisure is a period of time; recreation is a type of activity

If a sociologist believes that urban sprawl creates largely white, upper- and middle-class suburbs whose residents have access to resources that urban dwellers do not, what theoretical perspective do they represent?

structural functionalism