26: Nervous System

What is part of the central nervous system?

Brain

Spinal Cord

Large cellss (neurons and axons)

What is part of the peripheral nervous system?

Large clusters of axons and connective tissue; nerve, ganglia

What is the chain of information in the NS?

1 - receptor

2 - axon

3 - neuronal cell body - sensory ganglion

4 - local cells

5 - reflex withdrawal

6 - brain

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Cerebrum

Gyrus

Sulcus

Transverse fissure

Brain stem

Cerebellum

Cerebellum

What are the (3) parts to the brain?

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain stem

Cerebrum

Area of conscious thought

Divided into 2 halves (cerebral hemispheres)

What separates the cerebral hemisperes?

Longitudinal fissure

Gyri

Parts of the brain that protrude

Sulci

Indentations

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Telecephalon

Cerebrum

Longitudnal fissure

Cerebellum

Transverse cerebral fissure

Cerebellum

Area of unconscious motor control (walking)H

How is the cerebellum separaated from the cerebrum?

Transverse fisure

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Transverse fissure

Cerebral Hemisphere

Longitudinal fissure

Brain stem

Sits at base of cerebrum & cerebellum

Carries info to/from the spinal cord to cerebrum/cerebellum

Where is the brain encased?

Cranial cavity

What are the (3) connective tissues that surrounds the brain?

Pia mater

Dura mater

Arachnoid

Pia mater

Thin layer of connective tissue attached to the brain

Dura mater

“Tough mother”

Thick connective tissue capsule to the brain

May separate into an inner & outer layer to create sites for venous blood (sinuses)

Continues down spinal cord

Arachnoid

“Spider like”

Between pia and dura mater

Thin-web like layer fileld with cerebral sinus fluid

Meningeal dura mater

Dorsal sagittal sinus

periosteal, Dura matter

Brain

Subraarachnoid space

Arachnoid

Pia mater

Arachnoid

What separates the dura rmater from bony cavity of the vertebral canal

Epidural space (connective tissue & fat)

Dura mater

Skull

Dura periosteal meningeal

Atlas

Axis

Spinal dura

Epidural space

Cisterna magna

@ junction of skull and atlas

Expanison of subarachnoid/epidural space

CSF can be accessed easily

How do you access the cisterna magna for a CSF tap?

Flexing head

What is used for a LA CSF tap?

Lumbar cistern (area in lumbar region)

CSF ventricles

Cavities of CSF within nervous tissue of brain

CSF central canal

cavities of CSF within spinal cord (tube)

Caudal choroid plexus

Mesencephalon

Thalamus

Lateral choroid plexus

Lateral ventricle

Myelencephalon

central canal of spinal cord

Cavity of olfactory bulb

Lateral ventricle

Mesencephalic aqueduct

Lateral Recess, fourth ventricle

Fourth ventricle

Interventricular foramen

Where is CSF produced?

Ventricles

How does CSF move?

Produced in ventricles

Flows into subarachnoid space

Drains into venous blood via sinuse & one way valves

Hydrocephalus

“Water on the brain”

When the skull enlarges and cuts off CSF circulation

What are 7 parts of the medial section of the brain

Pituitary gland

olfactory bulb.

Lateral ventricles

Thalamus.

Hypothalamus.

Pons

Medulla.

Pituatary gland

@ base of brain

Produces/releases regulatory hormones (oxytocin, FSH, ACTH)

Olfactory bulb

@ cranial base of brain

Extension of olfactory n (carries info abt smell)

Thalamus

Round strucuture

Caudoventral to cerebrum

Major relay center of brain to and from cerebrum

Hypothalamus

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Ventral to the thalamus

Center for directing the autonomic nervous system.

Controls automatic functions like heart rate, digestion, and fight or flight response.

Pons

Bulged area on the ventrum of the brain stream.

Relay center for motor functions.

Medulla oblongata

Part of the brain stem that is continuous with spinal cord

Lateral ventricle

Thalamus

3rd ventricle

Medulla

Pons

Pituatary gland

Hypothalamus

Olfactory. Bulb

Lateral ventricle

Hypophysis

Olfactory bulb

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Where does the spinal cord lie?

Within the vertebral canal

How do the spinal nerves come off the spinal cord?

Exit thru the intervertebral foramen

Intervertebral foramen

Spinal nerves

Lumbar vertebrae

Sacrum

Intravertebral foramen