biol 206 final 2

___________ is successful in clearing ~_____% of HPV cases, but what is common?

ablation; 70; recurrence

____________ activity causes bacterial movement into the NF of bladder. What does this cause?

vigorous; bladder infections

____________ have a role in the development of the _________.

bacteria; gut

_________% of viruses have never been reported according to the Microbiome Project. What does this mean?

>80; they have discovered a lot

>90% of large intestine resident NF is ____________ ____________

obligate anaerobes

Biofilms are tenacious. What does this mean?

it will persist and nearly impenetrable

Females have a very __________ microbiota. What is it in a constant state of? Why?

complex; flux; menstrual cycle = change in hormones/blood flow

How can microbiota modify its microhabitat?

- metabolically active = produce acid = alter pH = use O2

- excrete chemicals: acids/alcohols/antibiotics/bacteriocins (like antibiotic)

How can PTSD in military veterans be caused by imbalance of gut microbiota?

brain chemistry altered --> inflammation/dysbiosis --> increase risk of brain/behavior disorders

How did the continuous stream of mucus contribute to the lower R.T. being "sterile"?

- ciliated epithelial cells --> ciliary escalator --> wave action moved mucus up & out

- mucus also traps dust/pollen/bact

How do bacteriocins/toxic proteins work against specific strains?

create chemical and physical barriers to block pathogens

How do biofilms increase pathogenesis?

antibiotic resistance and thwarts immune response

How do biofilms thwart (resistant to) immune responses?

- phagocytes repelled = less killing

- inflammatory response damages host cells --> starts causing chronic issues

How do lysozymes in mucus make the lower R.T. "sterile"?

- breaks down PG of bacteria

- other antimicrobial peptides in mucus

How do organisms in the mouth survive removal?

they overcome swallowing by adhering to teeth

How do you determine what is in a BOTTLE fed baby's gut?

- MacConkey

- gm- ferment lactose bc bile salts inhibit gm+

How does breast milk differ from formula/bottle milk?

concentration and content = very complex and dynamic (constantly changing)

How does discovering viruses as part of our NF complicate studies on disease processes?

viruses are influencing disease states, which means increased complication of process of determining pathogens

How does Leaky Gut Syndrome affect the whole body?

- gut = 2nd brain

- give +/- signal to body

- brain, skin, thyroid, colon, adrenals, joints, sinus, mouth, autism, asthma

How does the intestinal NF contribute to vitamin synthesis? What kind of relationship is this? What does that mean?

- Vit A & K

- mutualistic relationship

- both bact & host benefit

How does the intestinal NF work with GALT to develop specific immunity?

- GALT contains all cells needed for robust immune response

- NF interacts w/ GALT to train imm response

- sIgA = antibody that binds to pathogen and blocks it from binding to host receptors

How does vitamin synthesis increase expulsion?

- release hormones to increase peristalsis

- modifies host protein glycosylation to change surface receptors

How is HPV prevented?

- condoms

- vaginal spermicide

- carrageenan

- vaccine

How is lysozyme a cause of the skin not being a favorable environment for microbes?

in sebum/sweat; B-14 linkages btwn NAG/NAM; resident NF also serves as a block

How is microbial waste eliminated from the large intestine?

feces

How is the gut microbiome associated with anxiety and depression?

- bact in gut influences brain chemistry/behavior

- behavior change accompanied by decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) = increase in dep/anx

How is the microbiota of the large intestine replaced rapidly? What does this make it?

it has a high reproductive rate = self regulating

How long can you take the HPV vaccine?

up to 45 years old

How long should you wait before getting pregnant against? Why?

>1 yr; effects hlth of baby

How many cases of RRP are there a year in the US?

6000

How many cells make up the body? What does this mean?

~10^13; there are more microbes in our microbiome!

How many microorganisms are in our normal flora? What does this include?

~10^14 = 100 trillion; prok/euk microbes and viruses

How many strains of HPV are there? How many infect the genital tract?

~200; ~40

How was bacteria wiped out from the mouth in the PAST?

wiped out NF with antibiotics --> this led to candidiasis/thrush

increase gut ______________ = increase ____________ = increase ____________ breakdown

permeability; invasion; tissue

Microbiome effects summary:

- ___________ diversity assoc w/ disease at body sites that normally have restricted diversity

- ___________ diversity assoc w/ disease at body sites that normally have greater diversity

- biofilm formation ____________ pathogen survival and _____________ resistance

- benefits: NF are _______________ against pathogens/ can be a source of ___________&______________/stimulates ______________ _____________

- increased

- reduced

- increases; antibiotic

- antagonistic; nutrients; vitamins; immune response

N-9 actually causes what?

MORE exposure to HPV

Now that we know microbial manipulation strategies, what do we have?

new strategies for disease management and prevention

Oligosacharrides are known as

short chain sugars

Overall, normal flora is ____________, ___________, and promotes ___________.

protective, nutritional, health

Probiotics are _____ specific. What does this mean?

host; we need human probiotics

Removal of throat warts from RRP causes ___________.

scarring

Skin is not a favorable environment for most microorganisms. Why?

- no gm-; only gm+ and yeasts

- periodic drying = osmotic stress

- slightly acidic ~6.5 (bact metab releases acids)

- sweat = high salt conc = osmotic stress (lowAw)

- lysozyme (enz in all body secretions)

Some gut NF is ___________ re established even after stopping antibiotics.

never

The skin has NO ____________ bacteria, but DOES have ____________ bacteria and ___________.

gm-; gm+; yeasts

Viruses carry genes for _______ metabolism and ______ synthesis in bacteria, and genes in ___________ cells. This means they influence what?

CHO; AA; eukaryotic bacterial metabolism; our cells

What 2 bacteria are found in almost every site of your body?

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

What are 2 parts of the changing microenvironment within a biofilm?

1. anaerobic niches - some need air/aerobic environment to fxn

2. acid waste - degrade antibiotic

What are examples of cocci/gm+ rods that are in a BOTTLE fed baby's gut?

Lactobacillus, enteric streptococcus, staphylococcus

What are examples of coliforms/gm- rods that are in a BOTTLE fed baby's gut?

E. coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp.

What are examples of good probiotics? What do they have in them?

- Activia yogurt = Bifidobacterium sp.

- pills = Lactobacillus sp.

What are examples of obligate anaerobes that are a part of the resident NF of large intestine?

Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, Clostridium perfreingens

What are examples of probiotics that have Lactobacillus sp.?

sauerkraut and Kefir

What are facultative anaerobes in the large intestine?

E. coli, Enterococci, yeasts, viruses

What are good sources of prebiotics?

insulin, pectin, fiber - onions, leeks, apples, bananas, cocoa, flaxseed, bran, oats

What are L1 proteins produced by? What do they self assemble into?

Saccharomyces cervisiae; VLPs

What are microbial manipulation strategies?

- nutrition

- antibiotics (Ab)

- microbial supplementation (probiotics)

What are part of the normal flora in the mouth?

saliva (10^9 bact/ml) - Streptococci, Staphylococci, Neisseria, Lactobacilli, fungi, protozoans

What are prebiotics?

non-digestible, dietary fiber

What are probiotics?

living microbes given orally to promote health and re-establish natural balance

What are the 2 flora that were historically considered to be in the eye?

Corynebacteria and Staphylococcus epidermidis

What are the 3 types of environmental contact with microbes?

1. implant - become part of NF

2. transient - around for a short time; many shed (skin flakes)

3. invade - become pathogens

What are the 3 ways microbial waste is eliminated from the large intestine/colon/gut?

1. peristalsis - squeezing

2. desquamation - flaking off

3. movement of mucus - top of epithelial layer --> squeezed into feces

What are the attributes of good probiotics?

- nonpathogenic/no toxin produced

- effective