ANS 150 exam 3

What are the two distinct processes of domestication?

-Cultural

-biological

Biological domestication

Form of genetic selection in parent animal (first one domesticated) becomes isolated from wild population. Results in genetic drift from wild ancestors. (active or passive)

Cultural Domestication

involves changes in how the animal becomes included in the social structure of human societies. aka what role does it play in its interactions with humans

What is domestication really a form of?

Symbiosis. All conditions of permanent living together of two different species.

Who gains the most from domestication?

Host (humans)

How can symbiosis occur?

-Guest/host interactions

-perfect symbiosis:

when they both benefit

Which type of symbiosis is very rare?

perfect

Tamability proposed by Dmitry Belyaev

Hypothesis that the primary factor selected for during domestication was a behavior trait which he called tamability

What did Belyaev argue about tamability

-That it was an innate behavioral trait all animals possessed

-Within any populations of animals there was variation in its expression

-it could be selected for (coat color, etc.)

-it was controlled by higher order genes

What are higher order genes?

genes that control other traits

If one selected for tamability what would occur?

Phenotypic changes

What certain phenotypic traits did belyaev were associated with domestication?

-Blazed forehead

-curled tail

-floppy ears

-piebald coat

-dwarf/giant breeds

-wavy/curly hair

What animal did Belyaev do his experiment on?

foxes

What were the 3 classes Belyaev put the foxes in based off of tamability?

- Class 3: less domesticated, fled from experimenters, would bite when stroked/handled

-class 2: allowed to be handled/pet, but showed no emotionally friendly response

-class 1: friendly towards experimenters, wagged tail or whined

-class 1e: domesticated elite, eager to establish human contact, whimper to get attention, licked/sniffed experimenters

What did Belyaev do after he put them into classes?

Put them into their groups and allowed them to breed with his tamability groups.

What did Belyaev see after 20 generations?

He observed the phenotypic changes he predicted.

What were the psychological changes Beluaev noticed after domestication?

-Breeding season became less seasonal

-Fertility increased

-hearing age increased

-sight age increased

Where were cattle brought in from?

The old world(EU and asia).

What was the original ancestor of cattle?

Auruch

When were cattle domesticated? Why?

6000 to 6500 years ago (4500 B.C.) For religious and food reasons

Dominance in cattle

Head down, feet underneath. ears turned back with inner surface of ears down and back.

Pecking order in cattle

known as bunt order in unhorned cattle(polled) and hook order in horned cattle

Submissive in cattle

Head down, ears back, but the inner surface of ears are pointed to the side. Only thing different from dominant is you can usually see inner surface of ear as its pointed to side.

Cattle fights for dominance

Will either bunt heads or hook horns depending on whether they are polled or horned. If the cow retreats it is submissive. They don't need to win every fight to be dominant but need to win most.

"mm" sound in cattle

low amplitude, generally thought to be between cow and calf.

"mmh" sound in cattle

higher amplitude when cow is frustrated. ex: isolated

"menh" sound in cattle

very high amplitude sound given when animals are threatening or when calves are hungry

Bos taurus (EU breed) puberty

puberty hits between 10-15 months. they reach this quicker as they are smaller

Bos indicus (zebu breed) puberty

puberty hits between 17-27 months

What two minimums are required for a beef cattle to hit puberty?

Age and weight requirement

What age is the goal for heifers to calve?

2 yrs old

In which operation is A.I. used more?

Purebred operations

In most operations what age do they want the heifers to be bred?

14-15 months old

Which type of mating is more common in beef cattle operations?

Natural

How long is the estrous cycle of cattle?

21 days

What is the duration of estrus?

12-18 hrs

When does ovulation occur for cattle?

After they go out of estrus

What is the typical cow/bull ratio

30:1

What do most operations try to limit breeding window to?

Between 60-90 days

Why is A.I. not used as much?

It is more labor intensive

What are the two effective types of products on the market for control of estrus in beef cattle?

-prostaglandins: shortens cycle to basically restart it
-progestagens: lengthens estrus

What is dystocia?

Difficulty with parturition in any species

Frontward position in calves

Head of calf is forward facing out. Umbelical cord gets broken off after the head of calf is through cervix and out of vagine.

Backwards position in calves

Head of calf is facing down away from vagina. Umbelical cord is broken off while head of calf is still in uterus. Needs to be pulled faster out of cow due to oxygen being cut off when umbelical cord is cut off.

What are the tests to see if a cow can have a normal delivery?

1. Pull on both legs to see if head of calf enters or can pass through pelvic cavity
2.Pull on one of the legs. Should be able to pull fetlock one hand-width past the vulva.
3. repeat step two but with the other leg

If the calf passes all three tests for a normal delivery what might you still need to do?

Use chains.

What is the care for a new born calf?

-Make sure they get colostrum
-Clean, cut, and treat navel cord
-vaccines
-castrate males eventually

What is passive immunity?

Colostrum, provides antibodies. Colostrum also provides energy.

How long do cows lactate for?

7 months.

What occurs during a cows lactation?

Rebreeding and a portion of gestation

How long into pregnancy are cows still lactating for?

Around 5 months.

cow-calf operation

Type of commercial operation that sells calves at weaning. Looks at performance of reproduction, milk production, mothering ability, and weaning weight that the cow stats have to sell calf.

At peak lactation what should be optimal?

Nutrition value.

What is special about NC's pastures

We have mild winters and abundant forages

Backgrounding/stocker operation

This allows weaned calves to put weight on calves by grazing pasture.

What is the weight of a calf that just entered a backgrounding operation?

400-500lbs

What is the weight of a calf is sold after a backgrounding operation?

600-900lbs

What does pre-conditioned mean for calves before they enter backgrounding

Vaccinated, weaned 45 days before, have had veterinarian care, and learn to feed from feed bunk.

Feedlot

Feed steers and heifers to final market weight. This depends on frame score of size of cattle (large need to be heavier, vice versa). Given roughage/concentrate mixture.

What range of weight do cattle need to be after feedlot?

800-1000/1500lbs depending on frame size

What is a drylot in a feedlot?

A confined area usually not a pasture

What is the similarity for the domestication of cattle and pigs?

For food

Where did pigs live before domestication?

Living on the "fringes" of nomadic bands living off the scraps humans left behind

Why were pigs captured/domestication?

To prevent them from human's crops. Then used for food

What is unique about chinese pigs

-Large litter size(>20)
-good mothering ability
-very docile
-no pecking order
-small size(300 lbs)
-slow growth
-increased body fat

What is unique about european pigs

-very lean
-rapid growth
-very adaptable
-good meat quality
-large size(500lbs)
-peck orders
-increased disease susceptibility

What is the rank of USA in swine production? Who is first?

2nd; China

Who is the leading exporter/3rd leading importer of pork in the world?

USA

Where are most swine operation in the NC?

Southeastern. This is the reason cattle was moved here to handle swine waste management.

What are examples of NC creating new technology for swine production?

-Confinement production
-real time ultrasound
-A.I.
-three-site production

What are the 3 basic sounds pigs make?

-grunt
-bark
-squeal

How many calls have been identified from swine?

20

Grunt in pigs

Short duration, low pitched nasal sound from back of throat

Barks in pigs

very short duration, low-pitched sound from mouth usually from a startled pig

Squeal in pigs

high pitched sound that signifies excitement (good or bad)

What does an elevated and curled tail position mean in a pig?

When the pig has experienced a pleasant stimuli. This could be from other animals, eating, and breeding

What does a straight and pressed against the body tail position mean in a pig? Unless?

Distress; sleeping

When does a pigs tail twitch?

When its excited

What happens if you add a new animal into a pen or introduce all animals into a pen if they're pigs?

They will establish a pecking order

When do gilts reach puberty?

170-190 days old

When are gilts bred?

6-8 months

How often are female pigs bred during estrus?

Once each day

Who is bred more often, gilts or sows?

gilts

How long is the estrous cycle in pigs?

21 days

What is the estrus duration in pigs?

1-3days

When does ovulation occur in pigs?

Anytime during estrus

When do pigs reach puberty?

170-190 days of age

What is the difference in ovulation between cattle and swine?

Cattle only ovulate after estrus while swine ovulate during estrus

What % of sows in the NC are bred with A.I.? In US?

90%. 99%

How long is gestation for sows?

114 days

Where are most sows housed during gestation?

in crates or group pens

When are sows moved from gestation to farrowing?

2 to 4 days before they are due to farrow

How long can farrowing last in sows? What is the average?

Up to 18 hrs. 4-8hrs average.

What is the most common problem with labor in sows?

The sow gets fatigued and stops trying to push

What is the best way to prevent neonatal mortality in sows?

Have the presence of a knowledgeable person during farrowing

Where do pigs usually get stuck during furrowing?

At the junction of the cervix and uterus in front of the pelvic bones

When do sows lactate?

16-21 days

After how many days when does the milk limit piglet growth?

10 days

What does processing involve for swine?

1. Giving iron injection: they are born deficient/milk poor source
2.Medication: prevents scours (diarrhea) and other diseases
3. Clip and dip umbelical cord w/ iodine: reduce incidence of hernias/navel infection
4. Docking tails: prevents piglets from biting tails of other pigs
5. Ear notching: identification
6. Clipping needle teeth: prevent piglets from damaging sow's underline
7. Weigh pigs at birth: assist w/ genetic selection and managing animals selected as replacements. weighing pigs at birth can tell how its managed from fetal to living state