KIN 307 Exam 3

closed

the hip/pelvic girdle complex is a \________ kinetic chain; forces travel up from the lower body and down from the upper body

distal

hip/pelvic girdle movement is necessary for \________ joint movement; provides initiation of movement and stability/balance

acetabular femoral

hip joint; functions in weight bearing and locomotion; enhanced stability by its wide range of motion

bony architecture, strong ligaments, large supportive muscles

the hip joint (acetabular femoral) is relatively stable due to:

triaxial ball and socket

What kind of joint is the hip joint?

head of femur and acetabulum of pelvic girdle

what articulation makes up the hip joint

sacrum

right and left pelvic bone are joined together posteriorly by the \_________

ilium, ischium, pubis

pelvic bones

sacroiliac joints

the sacrum is between the two pelvic bones and forms the \___________; strong ligaments unit these bones to form rigid, slightly moveable joints; synovial gliding or plane joint (limited motion); common site for low back injury

female

which pelvis is lighter, thinner, wider in area, and processes a wider, flatter sacrum?

pubic symphysis

two pelvic bones join to form amphyarthrodial articulation called the \__________; fused in males

acetabulum

cuplike area of the pelvis composed of 3 pelvic bones

labrum

similar to the glenoid fossa of the shoulder joint, the acetabulum is lined around most of its periphery with a \________ to enhance stability and provide some shock absorption and aid in buttress effect

70%

approximately \______ of the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum

neck of the femur

weakest part of the femur, the usual fracture site of a "broken hip"; holds the femur away from the pelvis; formed by cancellous trabecular bone and reinforced with cortical bone, particularly on the inferior portion

coxofemoral joint

hip joint; reinforced by extremely strong and dense ligamentous capsule, especially anteriorly

ligament of femur (round ligament or teres ligament)

attaches from deep in the acetabulum to a depression in the femoral head, slightly limits adduction

iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament

structural support for the coxofemoral joint (three ligaments)

angle of inclination

The angle between the shaft and the neck of the femur in the frontal plane; typically ranges from 90-135 degrees, with 125 degrees considered average

coxa vara

decreased angle of inclination; any angle less than 125 degrees

coxa valga

increased angle of inclination; any angle more that 125 degrees

angle of anteversion

the angle of the femoral neck in the transverse plane; normally the femoral neck is rotated anteriorly 12-15 degrees with respect to the femur

knee; ankle

the varus/valgus and the anteversion/retroversion positions will also influence distal joints at the \_______ and the \________

excessive anteversion

femoral neck is more than 15 degrees anteriorly in the transverse plane

retorversion

femoral neck is less than 12 degrees anteriorly in the transverse plane

hip flexion

role of anterior musculature of hip

Iliopsoas, pectineus, tensor fascia latae, sartorius, rectus femoris

hip flexors (5)

hip extension

role of posterior musculature of hip

gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, external rotators

hip extensors (5)

hip adduction

role of medial musculature of hip

adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, pectineus

hip adductors (5)

hip abduction

role of lateral musculature of hip

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae (+IT band), external rotators

hip abductors (4)

ischial tuberosity

where do the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus originate?

upper anterior medial surface of tibia

insertion of semitendinosus

posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle

insertion of semimembranosus

external rotators

piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris

3; 6

pelvic girdle moves back-and-forth within \_____ planes for a total of \_____ different movements

right hip, left hip, lumbar spine

all pelvic girdle rotation results from motion at one or more of these three locations:

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation

the coxofemoral (hip) joint has three degrees of freedom:

flexion/extension

anterior/posterior pelvic girdle rotation

abduction/adduction

left/right lateral pelvic girdle rotation

internal/external rotation

left/right transverse pelvic girdle rotation

hip flexion

movement of the femur straight anteriorly towards pelvis

hip extension

movement of the femur straight posteriorly away from the pelvis

hip abduction

movement of femur laterally to side away from midline

hip adduction

movement of femur medially toward midline

hip external rotation

rotary movement of femur laterally around its longitudinal axis away from midline; lateral rotation

hip internal rotation

rotary movement of femur medially around its longitudinal axis toward the midline; medial rotation

hip diagonal abduction

movement of femur in a diagonal plane away from midline of body

hip diagonal adduction

movement of femur in a diagonal plane toward midline of body

anterior pelvic rotation

anterior movement of upper pelvis; iliac crest tilts forward in a sagittal plane; anterior tilt; downward rotation

posterior pelvic rotation

posterior movement of upper pelvis; iliac crest tilts backward in a sagittal plane; posterior tilt; upward rotation

left lateral pelvic rotation

in frontal plane left pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to right pelvis; either left pelvis rotates downward or right pelvis rotates upward; left lateral tilt

right lateral pelvic rotation

in frontal plane right pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to left pelvis; either right pelvis rotates downward or left pelvis rotates upward; right lateral tilt

left transverse pelvic rotation

in horizontal plane pelvis rotates to body's left; right iliac crest moves anteriorly in relation to left iliac crest, which moves posteriorly; counterclockwise

right transverse pelvic rotation

in horizontal plane pelvis rotates to body's right; left iliac crest moves anteriorly in relation to right iliac crest, which moves posteriorly; clockwise

saggital plane

anterior/posterior pelvic rotation occurs in the \___________

flexion; extension

anterior pelvic rotation is accomplished by hip \_________ and/or lumbar \_________

extension; flexion

posterior pelvic rotation is accomplished by hip \_______ and/or lumbar \________

frontal plane

right/left lateral pelvic rotation occurs in the \___________

horizontal/transverse plane

right/left transverse pelvic rotation occurs in the \__________

least stabilized

the body part that moves most will be the part that is \________

rotate anteriorly

standing on both feet and contracting hip flexors, the trunk and pelvis \___________

move forward into flexion

lying supine and contracting hip flexors, the thighs \______________ on the stable pelvis

eccentrically; concentrically

in lowering to sitting position, the hip extensor muscles are used \__________ when pelvis and trunk move downward slowly on the femur and \__________ when trunk is raised on the femur (rising to standing position)

iliopsoas

primary hip flexor

gluteus maximus, biceps femoris (long head), deep external rotator group

external rotators (3)

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae, gracilis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

internal rotators (6)

largest

the knee joint is considered the \__________ joint in the body

hinge

the knee joint Is considered a modified \________; primarily flexion/extension, but some rotation is possible

femur; tibia

enlarged condyles of the \________ articulate on enlarged condyles of the \________ (which create receptacles for femoral condyles)

medial tibiofemoral, lateral tibiofemoral, patellofemoral

the knee joint consists of two articulations within the joint capsule and another just anterior to the joint capsule; these are...

patellofemoral joint

gliding nature of patella on femoral condyles

tibia

the \______ bears nearly all of the weight from the femur

patella

sesamoid bone imbedded in quadriceps and patella tendon; serves as a pulley to improve the angle of pull, resulting in a greater mechanical advantage during knee extension

fibula

serves as the attachment for the knee joint structures; does not articulate with the femur or patella; is not considered part of the knee joint

static

ligaments provide \__________ stability

dynamic

contractions of quadriceps and hamstrings produce \__________ stability

menisci

form cushions between bones; attached to tibia; deepen tibial fossa to enhance stability; thicker on the outside border and taper down very thin to inside border; fibrocartilage disks on top of tibial plateaus

stability

menisci increase \__________; deepens joint contract (70% more contact area); absorbs shock (also lessens friction in joint by 20%); site of secondary muscle attachment

ligaments

main \________ of the knee joint's role is to hold the femur in contact with the tibial plateau

medial (tibial) collateral ligament

maintains medial stability by resting valgus forces or preventing knee from being abducted

lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

maintains lateral stability by resting varus forces or preventing knee from being adducted

anterior/posterior cruciate ligaments

cross within the knee between the tibia and femur; vital in maintaining anterior/posterior stability, as well as rotary stability

cruciate

\_________ \= "cross"; ligaments form an 'X' to cross within the joint; each ligament is named for its TIBIAL attachment

anterior cruciate ligament

the \__________ prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia or the tibia from sliding anteriorly on the femur

posterior cruciate ligament

the \_________ prevents the femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia or the tibia from sliding posteriorly on the femur

pes anserinus

tendons of \_________: sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus

medial/lateral retinaculum

connective tissue that seats the patella in the trochlear groove; deep to the patellofemoral ligament

iliotibial band

thick, strong band of tissue connecting tensor fascia latae to the femur and tibia

knee flexion

bending or decreasing angle between femur and lower leg, characterized by heel moving toward buttocks

knee extension

straightening or increasing angle between femur and lower leg

external rotation

rotary movement of leg laterally away from the midline

internal rotation

rotary movement of lower leg medially toward midline

hyaline cartilage

posterior surface of the patella is covered with thick \_____________

trochlear groove

the patella slides within the \_________

improves angle of pull and centralizes forces

functions of the patella and patellar tendon:

screw-home mechanism

the automatic EXTERNAL rotation of the tibia as the knee moves from 15 degrees knee flexion to full extension; cannot be preformed independently, occurs due to osteokinematics (caused by: larger medial femoral condyle, longer anterior-posterior dimension of tibial medial condyle - through passive tension in the ACL, and the lateral pull in the quadriceps)

popliteus

knee is unlocked by the internal rotation function of the \___________