Biology

Nucleus

a small structure that contains the chromosomes and regulates the DNA of a cell

What is the defining structure of eukaryotic cells?

the nucleus

What does the nucleus contain?

contains genetic material

What structures are contained within the nucleus?

a nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes

Chromosomes

highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, contains genetic instructions that allow organisms to grow and function

Chromatin

consists of the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

Nucleolus

structure contained within the nucleus that consists of protein, is small, round, does not have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nuclear Envelope

encloses the structures of the nucleus; consists of inner and outer membranes made of lipids

Nuclear Pores

involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Nucleoplasm

the liquid within the nucleus, and is similar to cytoplasm

What is the cell theory?

1. Every living thing is made up of a cell or multiple cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. Cells come about via cell division
4. Energy transference from one cell to another happens from within a cell
5. All hereditary information is located within cells
6. All cells contain the same basic chemical composition

Cell Membrane

separates the extracellular material from all the intercellular material; maintains the coherence of the cell, and controls what passes in and out of the cell

What is the cell membrane made upmade up of?

made up of a double layer of phospholipids and proteins that control the transporting of substances in and out of the cell

What is located within the cell membrane?

the nucleus

Nuclear lamina

a network of fibrils that make up the inner nuclear membrane

Cytoplasm

a gel-like fluid that fills the entire inside of a cell, and suspends all of the cell’s inner components

Cytoplasm is composed primarily of what?

water and salt

What plays a major role in giving the cell its shape?

the cytoplasm

What would happen if a cell did not have cytoplasm?

the cell would be deflated, and cellular activity would not be possible

Cytoskeleton

a component in the cell that gives the cell structure, shape, and stability, and allows for movement

The cytoskeleton is comprised of what 3 main materials?

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Mitrochrondira

a phospholipid double membrane organelle; contains its own DNA, which is found within the matrix; where nutrients and oxygen are converted into energy (ATP); # in each cell will vary, depending on the amount of energy needed for it to function properly; and the cells can produce more as needed and/or merge together in order to form larger ones

Ribosomes

tiny particles located all throughout the cytoplasm of a living cell; made up of 60% ribosomal proteins, and 40% protein molecules; has two subunits: the large subunit, and the small subunit; formed in the nucleus; perform protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a cytoplasmic organelle that form cisternae (which are flattened sac or tube-like membrane enclosed structures); attached to the nuclear envelope of the nucleus; functions to manufacture, process, and transport packages from the nucleus to be utilized within the cell

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Smooth ER and Rough ER

Rough ER

looks like sheets or sacs of rugged membranes due to the ribosomes that are attached to the outside; produces and processes proteins that are needed inside or outside of the cell; works to put the proteins in their 3-D shape, so that they are set up to function properly

Smooth ER

look like slick tubes; does not have ribosomes attached to it; works to produce lipids, creates the building blocks for carbohydrate metabolism, and works to detox the cell of drugs poisons

What cells have more extensive smooth ER?

brain, muscle, and liver cells

What cells do NOT contain ER?

RBCs and sperm cells

Golgi Apparatus

made up of cisternae; in the cytoplasm near the rough ER; receives various macromolecules from the ER, makes any necessary modifications, and labels them so that they get where they need to go

What are the two faces of the Golgi Apparatus?

the Cis face and the Trans face

What face of the golgi apparatus is the receiving side?

the cis face

What face of the golgi apparatus is the secreting side?

the trans face

What face of the golgi apparatus is the closest to the rough ER and receives the vesicles from the rough ER?

the cis face

What face of the golgi apparatus secretes the vesicles?

the trans face

Lysosomes

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

Where are lysosomes found in greater number?

in the WBCs

What type of membrane is the cell membrane?

a semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer

RNA

ribonucleic acid; executes the instructions given by DNA and synthesizes proteins

What type of nucleic acid has a double-stranded helix?

\
A. DNA

B. RNA

A. DNA

What type of nucleic acid has a single-stranded helix?

\
A. DNA

B. RNA 

B. RNA 

What nitrogenous bases make up DNA?

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

What nitrogenous bases make up RNA?

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Uracil

What is the main form of DNA?

B-form

What are the main types of RNA?

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis where the sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are turned into energy for the cell to use

Vacuoles

store water and other nutrients for the cell to use

Cellular Respiration is made up of what four processes?

Glycolysis

Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Electron Transport Chain

ATP Synthesis

Of the following organelles, which ones are primarily found in animal cells?


1. Ribosomes
2. Peroxisomes
3. Plasma membrane
4. Centrioles

Centrioles

What are the two types of transport proteins?

Channels and Carriers

Channels

either open or closed to both sides of the cell and allow for the diffusion of hundreds of specific or similar molecules at a time

Carrier proteins

only open on one side at a time and move specific molecules across the membrane that can react with the carrier’s active site, which is where substrates bind to a protein to cause a conformational change, or change in its form and thus function

In what type of transport are carrier proteins used?

in active transport

Primary cell walls are made of what 3 polysaccharides?

cellulose (forms long, linear chains)

hemicellulose (smaller, branching polysaccharide)

pectin

Secondary cell wall are made of what?

cellulose

xylan

lignin

Prokaryotes

a non-complex, single-celled organism that does not contain a nucleus, nor does it contain any membrane-bound organelles

Which of the following are properties of mitochondria?


1. They have a double membrane
2. They participate in cell differentiation
3. They regulate apoptosis
4. They undergo glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
5. All of the above

All of the above

What specific kind of reaction occurs during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis between water and NADP+?


1. Ionic reaction
2. Carbon fixation
3. Covalent bonding
4. Redox reaction

Redox reaction

Which disaccharide is made up of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule? \n A. Glucose \n B. Sucrose \n C. Maltose \n D. Glycogen

B. Sucrose

What kind of bond is responsible for linking sugar molecules together?

A. Ionic bond \n B. Glycosidic bond \n C. Covalent bond \n D. Hydrogen bond \n E. More than one

E. More than one (glycosidic & covalent)

Which phase of mitosis is depicted below?

A. Prophase

B. Metaphase

C. Anaphase

D. Telophase

A. Prophase

Which phase of mitosis is depicted below?

A. Prophase

B. Metaphase

C. Anaphase

D. Telophase

B. Metaphase

Which phase of mitosis is depicted below?

A. Prophase

B. Metaphase

C. Anaphase

D. Telophase

C. Anaphase

Which phase of mitosis is depicted below?

A. Prophase

B. Metaphase

C. Anaphase

D. Telophase

D. Telophase

During what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell?


1. Prophase
2. Anaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Telophase

Metaphase

What are the 3 checkpoints of the cell cycle?

G1, G2, and M

What checkpoints occur during G1?

Sufficient cell growth

Presence of adequate growth factors

Sufficient energy reserves/nutrients

DNA integrity (no damage)

G1 checkpoint is also considered what?

the restriction point (once the cell has passed, it it committed to division)

What checkpoints occur during G2?

Completely replicated chromosomes following S phase

DNA integrity

What checkpoints occur during M?

Chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate during metaphase

Every kinetochore is anchored to a spindle fiber

Missense Mutation

a point mutation where one amino acid is replaced with another as a result of the single base change

Nonsense Mutation

a point mutation that changes one amino acid to form a premature stop codon during transcription and translation

Autotrophs

responsible for making their own food; use energy from the sun to convert CO2 and H2O into glucose, as well as oxygen as a byproduct

Gymnosperm

“naked seed” (aka pine cones); non-flowering plants

Angiosperms

enclosed seeds (aka tomato or peach); flowering plants

What type of plants have roots?

A. Vascular

B. Non-Vascular

A. Vascular

What type of plants do NOT have roots?

A. Vascular

B. Non-Vascular

B. Non-Vascular

What is responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals unidirectionally from the roots to stems and leaves?

Xylem

What transports dissolved sugars and other nutrients bidirectionally through live cells for the purpose of transporting energy from photosynthetic parts of the plant to non-photosynthetic areas, like root cells?

Phloem

How do non-vascular plants absorb water?

through osmosis

What is the male reproductive organ of a plant?

stamen

What is the female reproductive organ of the plant?

carpel

Fragmentation of Vegetative Propagation

Type of asexual reproduction where parts of the parent plant will separate and form new plant offspring. These new plants will form their own root systems and continue to grow until they need to repeat the process.

Respiration

oxygen and glucose combine to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

What system of the body fights infections and keeps the body’s fluid levels balanced, protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens?

The lymphatic system

Lymph

contains WBCs that help fight infection

How does lymph move through the body?

moves through out system to lymphatic ducts when the skeletal muscles contract; only moves in one direction

What is the function of lymph nodes?

to filter out harmful substances, ensuring clean lymph gets back in the blood supply via the subclavian veins in the neck

Lymph Capillaries

pick up lymph fluid that leaks from our bloodstream and into tissue before returning that lymph to the circulatory system

Lymph Vessels

carry lymph throughout the body

Lymph Tissues

rich in small WBCs (lymphocytes), protect the body from bacteria and other pathogens

What are examples of lymph tissue?

The tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen, and Peyer’s Patches

Tonsils

located in the pharynx, filter out pathogens that can enter through the mouth or throat

Thymus

 located in the back of the neck, produces T-cells

T-cells

an essential component of the immune system that seeks out and kills disease-carrying cells

Spleen

the lymphatic system’s largest organ, the cleansing mechanism, takes dead blood cells and pathogens and removes them from the blood; Located under the rib cage

Peyer’s Patch

located in the ileum of the small intestine, protects the GI tract from pathogens

What are the two broad categories of WBCs?

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

What type of WBCs form in the bone marrow and play a role in fighting disease?

Granulocytes