Senior Quizbowl Nutrition

LEC 4-H

Where in the digestive tract are amino acids synthesized?

Large intestine.

What do the letters CF stand for?

Crude Fiber.

Most of the nutrients are found in what part of the forage plant?

Leaves.

Which amino acid is considered to be the first limiting amino acid?

Lysine.

What is the term used to describe a horse that eats dirt because of a mineral deficiency?

Geophagia.

What part of the digestive tract is the primary site of digestion of soluble carbohydrates?

Small intestine.

In the horse, where is dietary urea absorbed?

In the small intestine.

The large pouch between the large and small intestine which is important to cellulose digestion is called what?

Cecum.

What is a feed additive used to increase feed efficiency and weight gain in cattle but is highly toxic to horses?

Rumensin (Monesin Sodium) or Lasalocid (Bovatec).

The portion of the gross energy in a feed stuff which is not excreted in the feces is known as what?

Digestible energy.

Proteins are made up of chains of smaller units called what?

Amino acids.

What vitamins are synthesized in the large intestine?

B vitamins.

Name 3 major legumes.

Alfalfa, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Clover - red, white, or abetra, Lespedeza, Soybeans, etc.

In a hay analysis report, this is the level of amino acids and total nitrogen in the forage.

Crude protein.

A deficiency in this will cause "big head disease".

Calcium.

The protein requirements are the greatest and most critical during what 3 phases of a horse's life?

Growth, reproduction, and lactation.

What condition can be caused from a deficiency or improper ratios of either calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D especially in foals?

Rickets.

What is the sum of the digestible organic nutrients - protein, fiber, nitrogen free extract, and fat?

TDN (total digestible nutrients).

What is the problem with feeding a ration with poor protein quality?

Insufficient quantities of the essential amino acids are supplied by the protein in the ration.

What is ingestive behavior?

Taking food and water into the digestive system (the act of eating).

What is the name grain has when it has the consistency of dry dog food?

Extruded

What is the feedstuff resultant of combining several feed ingredients with steam and pressure?

Pellets.

What 4 electrolytes are lost in sweat and urine during physical exertion?

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium

Inadequate amounts of iron result in what nutritional problem?

Anemia.

Name 5 of the 10 essential amino acids.

Phenylalanine, Leucine, Lysine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, and Arginine.

What is the most prevalent mineral in a horse's saliva?

Sodium.

Why do the donkey and zebra do not have white fat, while the horse has yellow fat?

The donkey and zebra do not absorb carotene.

When there is a deficiency of vitamin D, what important mineral has a decreased absorption?

Calcium.

What body part in the horse are dietary lipids digested and absorbed?

Small intestine.

What are the principle end products of digestion in the large intestine in the horse?

VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids)

Where is the primary site of protein digestion in the horse?

Small intestine

About 50-70% of the protein in a grain-based diet is digested to what prior to being absorbed from the small intestine?

Amino acids

When is a "high protein" concentrate feed (higher than 12%) needed by a working horse?

When fed with a low protein roughage.

Name one disadvantage of feeding oats to horses.

Cost per unit of energy or variation in quality.

Name the forage that contains a fungal endophyte which grows inside the plant and can cause reproduction problems in mares.

Tall fescue.

Beet pulp is used extensively in diets for horses that have a respiratory problem known as what?

Heaves (COPD)

Animals have different types of digestive systems based on what?

Where and how they digest feed components.

Why should barley be crimped or rolled before feeding it to horses?

Because it has a tough hull.

A mature idle horse should be fed a ration containing what percent protein?

12%

Cereal grains are significantly low in what major mineral?

Calcium.

Researchers describe the amount of energy needed by a horse in units called what?

Megacalories.

Typically, the cereal grain fed to horses with the lowest crude protein content is what?

Corn.

Name the hay that exceeds all others in protein, energy, vitamin and mineral content.

Alfalfa.

A green color of hay would indicate that high levels of what fat soluble vitamin is present?

Vitamin A

Horses should be fed by weight, not what?

Volume.

What situation leads to the condition of gastric dilation?

Excessive grain intake; bloat.

The primary objective of most grain processing methods is to what?

Improve availability of starch.

The equipment used to grind grains is called what?

Hammer mill.

Approximately what percent of total body calcium is contained in the skeleton and teeth?

99%

Besides salt, what are the two most important minerals to be added to a horse's diet?

Calcium and phosphorus.

Name four factors that can influence the digestibility of nutrients in the digestive tract.

Type of course of feedstuff; level of maturity; method of processing; quantity fed; associative effects; frequency of feeding; rate of passage; compounds that interfere with digestibility; individual differences.

Deficiencies of what three minerals result in defective bone growth and maturation?

Calcium, phosphorus, copper.

Name the plant substance that the horse's body converts to vitamin A.

Carotene.

Are vitamin and mineral levels higher in immature or mature grasses and legumes?

Immature.

Name the mineral essential for blood coagulation.

Potassium

Give three functions of the gastrointestinal tract.

Ingestion, mixing, absorption, grinding, digestion, and elimination.

What is quidding?

Dropping partially chewed feed from the mouth.

Name two forms of cereal grains that can be fed to horses.

Whole or processed grains.

Give four differences between colostrum and ordinary mare's milk.

Colostrum is more concentrated, higher in protein, higher in globulins, richer in vitamin A, contains more antibodies, and stimulates the alimentary canal

Name the plant substance that the horse's body converts to vitamin A.

Carotene.

Adding corn or oil to a horse's diet will increase what nutrient?

Fat or energy

What is a highly digestible source of fiber that can be added to an older horse's diet?

Beet pulp.

Why would one add cultured yeast to an older horse's diet?

It would increase the digestion of fiber in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

When selecting hay to feed to an older horse, name three things desired.

Soft to the touch, free of dust and mold, very green color, leafy, small and fine stems.

Vitamins A, E, C and water soluble B vitamins become a concern in making sure the horse has a proper amount when what organ becomes diseased?

Liver.

Name the vitamin responsible for the assimilation and utilization of calcium and phosphorus.

Vitamin D.

Which of the two different groups of minerals do the following minerals belong to - calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, and sulfur?

Macrominerals.

If a horse has free choice to water, what will happen to their level of water consumption?

It increases as a result of increased drinking frequency.

Selenium and what vitamin function jointly in protecting body tissues?

Vitamin E.

Why does a horse need vitamin D in its diet?

To maintain the plasma calcium concentration.

Why is choline not a vitamin even though it is classified as a B-vitamin?

It can be synthesized in adequate amounts by all mammals.

Name two things a proximate analysis of feed helps determine.

Consists of moisture, crude fat or ether extract, total minerals or ash, crude fiber and nitrogen, crude protein.

Name one specific reason why wood chewing is detrimental.

Damage to facilities, wood splinters in the oral cavity, intestinal obstruction.

Why should grains be fed to horses in feeders?

Decreases feed losses, dirt consumption, and parasite infestation.

If a horse's incisors are damaged, what feedstuff will he have the most trouble consuming?

Grazing and grasping long-stemmed hay.

If a horse has very poor dental health, what would you feed it to ensure it can sufficiently digest its food and receive all proper nutrients?

A complete feed that has been soaked so it forms a mash.

Name the hay that exceeds all others in protein, energy, vitamin and mineral content.

Alfalfa.

A green color of hay would indicate that high levels of what fat soluble vitamin is present?

Vitamin A

Horses should be fed by weight, not what?

Volume.

What situation leads to the condition of gastric dilation?

Excessive grain intake; bloat.

The primary objective of most grain processing methods is to what?

Improve availability of starch.

The equipment used to grind grains is called what?

Hammer mill.

Approximately what percent of total body calcium is contained in the skeleton and teeth?

99%

Besides salt, what are the two most important minerals to be added to a horse's diet?

Calcium and phosphorus.

Name four factors that can influence the digestibility of nutrients in the digestive tract.

Type of course of feedstuff; level of maturity; method of processing; quantity fed; associative effects; frequency of feeding; rate of passage; compounds that interfere with digestibility; individual differences.

Deficiencies of what three minerals result in defective bone growth and maturation?

Calcium, phosphorus, copper.

Name the plant substance that the horse's body converts to vitamin A.

Carotene.

Are vitamin and mineral levels higher in immature or mature grasses and legumes?

Immature.

Name the mineral essential for blood coagulation.

Potassium

Give three functions of the gastrointestinal tract.

Ingestion, mixing, absorption, grinding, digestion, and elimination.

What is quidding?

Dropping partially chewed feed from the mouth.

Name two forms of cereal grains that can be fed to horses.

Whole or processed grains.

Give four differences between colostrum and ordinary mare's milk.

Colostrum is more concentrated, higher in protein, higher in globulins, richer in vitamin A, contains more antibodies, and stimulates the alimentary canal

Name the plant substance that the horse's body converts to vitamin A.

Carotene.

Adding corn or oil to a horse's diet will increase what nutrient?

Fat or energy

What is a highly digestible source of fiber that can be added to an older horse's diet?

Beet pulp.

Why would one add cultured yeast to an older horse's diet?

It would increase the digestion of fiber in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

When selecting hay to feed to an older horse, name three things desired.

Soft to the touch, free of dust and mold, very green color, leafy, small and fine stems.

Vitamins A, E, C and water soluble B vitamins become a concern in making sure the horse has a proper amount when what organ becomes diseased?

Liver.

Name the vitamin responsible for the assimilation and utilization of calcium and phosphorus.

Vitamin D.