SCOM Informative Vocab (copy)

Abstract

the author-supplied summary of the source

Adjourning

the group dissolved because they finished their task at hand and completed their goal

Analogies

A comparison of ideas, items, or circumstances

Arrangement

one of the five cannons of rhetorics refers to the organization of speech

Articulation

refers to the clarity of sounds and words you pronounce

Attitudes

likes and dislikes

Background research review

summaries available for your topic that helps refresh or create your knowledge about the subject

Brainstorming

generating many potential topic ideas in a fast-paced and non-judgmental manner

Captive Audience

people who are required to attend your presentations

Cause-Effect Pattern

forming a relationship between ideas that shows a progression from origin to result

Channel

a sensory route on which message travels, to the receiver for decoding. part of model of communication

Charts and Tables

useful for compiling and cross-referencing larger amounts of information as a visual aid

Chronological Organization

trace the development of a topic or overview the steps in the process

Chronological Pattern

speech structure based on time or sequence

Civic engagement

Refers to working to make a difference in our communities

Cognitive Restructuring

changing the way we think about something

Communication Apprehension

Fear or anxiety experience by a person due to real or perceived communication with another person or persons

Communication Competence

refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts

Communication ethics

deals with the process of negotiating and reflecting on our actions and communication regarding what we believe to be right and wrong

Communication-orientation modification therapy

a type of cognitive restructuring that encourages people to think of public speaking as a conversation rather than a performance

Communication

the process of generating meaning by sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal symbols and signs that are influence by multiple contexts

Consensus Rule

A decision-making technique in which all members of the group must agree on the same decision.

Credibility

when an audience sees you as competent, trustworthy, and engaging

Cultural Context

Part of the transaction model of communication. Includes various aspects of identities such as race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class, ability.

Decoding

process of turning communication into thoughts parts of model of communication

Delivery

one of the five canons of rhetorics. refers to the vocal and physical characteristics of a speaker

Demographics

broad socio-cultural categories used to segment a larger population (age, gender, ethnicity, race, nationality, religion, etc.)

Descriptive Gestures

function to illustrate or refer to objects rather than emotions

Emphatic gestures

most common hand gestures today, function to emphasize our verbal communication

Encoding

process of turning thoughts into communication. part of model of communication

Environmental noise

any physical noise present in a communication encounter

etymology

refers to history of a word

Example

cited case that is representative of a larger whole

Expediter

A task-related role that functions to keep the group on track toward completing its task by managing the agenda and setting and assessing goals in order to monitor the group's progress.

Expert testimony

testimony from people who are credentialed or recognized expert in a given subject

Explanations

clarify ideas by providing information about what something is, why something is the way it is, or how something works or came to be

Extemporaneous delivery

memorizing the overall structure and main points of a speech and then speaking from keyword/key-phrase notes

feedback

messages sent in response to other messages. part of model of communication

figurative analogy

compares things not normally related, often relying on metaphor, simile, or other figurative language devices

Five Canons of Rhetoric

invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery

Floating

refers to speakers who wander aimlessly around

Fluency Hiccups

unintended pauses in a speech that usually result from forgetting what you were saying, being distracted, or losing your place in your speaking notes

Fluency

refers to the flow of your speaking

Formal Informative Speech

when the audience has assembled specifically to hear what you have to say

formal outline

a full-sentence outline that helps you prepare for your speech

Forming

Stage when the group comes together for the first time.

gatekeeper

this person manages the flow of conversation in a group I order to achieve an appropriate balance so that all group members get to participate in a meaningful way

General Purpose

to inform, persuade, or entertain

Gestures

a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning.

Group climate

the relatively enduring tone and quality of group interaction that is experienced similarly by group members

group cohesion

refers to the commitment of members to the purpose of the group and the degree of attraction among individuals within the group

group communication

communication among three or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal

group conflict

conflict can appear in indirect or direct forms within group interaction, just as it can in interpersonal interaction

Group-problem solving

1. define the problem, 2. analyze the problem, 3. generate possible solutions, 4. evaluate solutions, 5. Implement and asses the solution

group roles

these roles are more dynamic than leadership roles in that a role can be formal or informal and played by more than one group member

group socialization

refers to the process of teaching and learning the norms, rules, and expectations associated with group interaction and group member behaviors

groupthink

negative group phenomenon characterized by lack of critical evaluation of proposed ideas or courses of action that result form high levels of cohesion and/or high conformity pressures

Harmonizer

group members who help manage the various types of group conflict that emerge during group communication

identity needs

include our need to present ourselves to others and be thought of in particular and desired ways

impromptu delivery

when a speaker has little to no time to prepare for a speech

impromptu informative speech

unscripted speech

Information overload

a barrier to effective listening that occurs when a speech contains more information than an audience can process

information provider

includes behaviors that are more evenly shared than in other roles, as ideally, all group members present new ideas, initiate discussions of new topics, and contribute their own relevant knowledge and experiences.

information seeker

ask for information, elaboration, or clarification on items relevant to the group's taks

Informative Speech

model of speaking that utilizes object, factual information in order to teach an audience

Informing through definition

entails defining concepts clearly and concisely and is an important skill for informative speaking

informing through demonstration

a speaker gives verbal directions about how to do something while also physically demonstrating the steps

informing through description

entails creating verbal pictures for your audience

Informing through explanation

entails sharing how something works, how something came to be, or why something happened

instrumental needs

include needs that help us get things done in our day-to-day lives and achieve short- and long-term goals.

integrative learning

encourages students to reflect on how the content they are learning connects to other classes they have taken or are taking, their professional goals, and their civic responsibilities

interaction model of communication

Describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts.

interdependence

small groups share a common purpose and fate

interpersonal communication

communication between people whose lives mutually influence one another

interpersonal conflict

emerges from conflict between individual members of the group

interpreter

helps manage the diversity within a group by mediating intercultural conflict, articulating common ground between different people, and generally creating a climate where difference is seen as an opportunity rather than as something to be feared

intrapersonal communication

communication with oneself

invention

one of the five canons or rhetoric. refers to the use of evidence and arguments to think about things In new ways

Lay testimony

testimony from people who are often recounting a person's experiences which is more subjective than expert testimony

learning styles

entails the three main ways people learn and process information, these include visual, kinesthetic, and auditory

Maintenance role

create and maintain social cohesion and fulfill interpersonal need of group members

Majority Rule

Commonly used decision-making technique in which a majority must agree before making the decision

manuscript delivery

speaking from a written or printed document that contains the entirety of a speech

mass communication

public communication which is transmitted to many people through print or electronic media

memorized delivery

completely memorizing a speech and delivering it without notes

memory

one of the five canos of rhetoric. refers to the techniques employed by speakers to retain and repeat large amounts of information

message

the verbal and nonverbal content being conveyed form sender to receiver

minority rule

a decision-making process in which a small number of members makes a decision on behalf of the group

monopolizer

a group member who makes excessive verbal contributions, preventing equal participation by other group members

Monroes motivated sequence

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

noise

anything that interferes with, distorts, or slows down the transmission of information

nominal group technique

This technique guides decision making through a four-step process that includes idea generation and evaluation and seeks to elicit equal contributions from all group members.

nonverbal adaptors

extra movements caused by anxiety

nonverbal signposts

pauses and changes in rate, pitch, or volume that help emphasize transitions within a speech

norming

the third stage of team development, in which team members begin to settle into their roles, group cohesion grows, and positive team norms develop

parallel wording

similar wording among key organizing signposts and main points that helps structure a speech

participants

senders and/or receivers of messages in a communication encounter

performing

members are working towards the final product or goal previously established

periodicals

magazines and journals that are published peridically

physical context

environmental factors in a communication encounter