SHS 300 Quiz 5

What makes up the cranial bones?

• frontal

• parietal

• temporal

• occipital

• sphenoid

• ethmoid

Frontal Bone

encases frontal lobe of brain

Parietal Bone

encases parietal lobe

Temporal Bone

encases temporal lobe

What are the divisions of the temporal bone?

1. squamous portion

2. Petrous Portion

What makes up squamous portion of temporal bone division?

zygomatic process

What makes up petrous portion of temporal bone division?

• mastoid process

• styloid process

• cochlea and semicircular canals of inner ear 

Occipital Bone

Encases occipital lobe of brain

Sphenoid bone

Forms base of skull - bat wings

What are the sphenoid bone divisions?

• body 

• greater wings 

• lesser wings 

• pterygoid process

Ethmoid Bone

separates nasal cavity from brain

What parts make up ethmoid bone?

• middle and superior nasal conchae 

• perpendicular plate 

What are the facial bones

• mandibular

• maxillary 

• palatine

• nasal

• inferior nasal conchae 

• vomer 

• zygomatic 

• lacrimal 

Mandible

large bone that forms lower jaw

Landmarks of Mandible

• corpus 

• ramus

• anglem

• mental symphysis

• condylar process

• coronoid process

Maxillae

upper jaw that forms roof of moth and floor of nasal cavity

What does maxillae form?

Hard palate

What makes up the hard palate?

• anterior 2/3 - palatine process

• alevolar ridge

Palatine bone

posterior portion of hard palate

• horizontal plate

Nasal bone

small bones that form superior nasal surface

Inferior Nasal Conchae

form lateral surface of nasal cavity

Vomer

Midline bone that forms nasal septum

• divided into two nasal cavities 

Zygomatic Bone

forms cheek bones

What are the divisions of Zygomatic Bone?

• temporal process

• frontal process

• maxillary process

What makes up temporal process of zygomatic bone?

• 1/3 zygomatic arch 

• other ½ formed by zygomatic process of temporal bone

Lacrimal Bone

• very small bones

• form part of lateral nasal wall and medial orbit 

Pharynx

an oval tube larger side to side then front to back

What is pharynx composed of at the top?

connective tissue - pharyngeal aponeurosis

What is pharynx composed of at the bottom?

muscle predominates at the bottom

What are the three cavities of the pharynx?

• nasopharynx

• oropharynx

• hypopharynx 

What does the nasophayrnx contain?

• auditory tubes (Eustachian tubes)

• pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

What does oropharynx contain?

• palatine tonsils

• lingual tonsils

Opening of Oropharynx

through the faucial isthmus 

What makes up faucial isthmus?

• anterior faucial pillar

• posterior faucial pillar

Velum

consists of the soft palate and uvula

What is the velum covered in?

connective tissue - palatal aponeurosis

What are the components of nasal cavities?

• cartilage at front 

• bone at back 

• floor is hard palate 

What is the nasal cavities rich in?

blood supply

What does the nasal cavities contain?

• nasal vestibule

• nasal concahe 

• meatuses 

• choana 

• sinuses 

What are the muscles of the pharynx?

• pharyngeal constrictors 

• long muscles 

What are the muscles of the pharynx do?

change shape and size of pharynx?

What do the muscles of velum do?

position and reconfigure the velum

What do the pharyngeal constrictors form?

vertical muscular tube of pharynx

What do the pharyngeal constrictors do?

act as a group of constrict of pharynx for swallowing

What is the innervation of pharyngeal constrictors?

CN IX, X 

What are the 3 sets of pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

• superior 

• middle

• inferior 

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Action

Upper most fibers assist with velopharyngeal closure

• move posterior wall of pharynx forward and narrows diameter of pharynx

Middle Pharyngeal constrictor action

move posterior wall of pharynx forward and narrows diameter of pharynx

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor Action

moves posterior wall of pharynx forward and narrows diameter of pharynx

• cricopharyngeus 

Cricopharyngeus 

allows passage of food/liquid into esophagus 

Salpingopharyngeus action

Move the lateral walls of the pharynx upward and inward

• shortens/elevates the pharynx 

• helps equalize pressure in middle ear 

Palatopharyngeus action

move the lateral walls of the pharynx upward and inward

• shorten and elevate the pharynx 

Stylopharyngeus innervation

CN IX

Stylopharyngeus action

elevate pharynx and larynx and dilate pharynx - widens

What speech sounds do muscles of velum help with?

all speech sounds EXCEPT /m/, /n/, /ng/

What does soft palate consist of?

• muscles, aponeurosis, nerves, blood supply 

Palatal Aponeurosis

• mid front portion of soft palate

Pharyngeal Plexus

CN IX , X

Levator Veli Palatini Action

elevate and retract the velum to close the velopharyngeal port

Tensor Veli Palatini Innervation

CN V

Tensor Veli Palatini Action

Dilate auditory tube, allowing aeration of middle ear 

• tense soft palate - may assist VP closure

Muscle Uvulae Action

Shorten and elevate the velum

Palatoglossus Action

Lower soft palate and elevate back of tongue

Palatopharyngeus action

lower the velum and narrow the upper pharynx

Muscles of the outer nose action

dilate or compress nares (nostrils)

What are the three functions of the velopharyngeal nasal?

1. ventilation

2. speech production

3. swallowing 

Movements of the pharynx

mobile tube

• lengthening/shortening 

• inward/outward of lateral laryngeal walls 

• forward/backward movements of posterior pharyngeal wall

Movements of the Velum

• upward and backward to close velopharyngeal port 

• downward and forward to open velopharyngeal port and close the posterior oral cavity 

Movements of velopharyngeal port

• elevate and retract velum

• move the lateral pharyngeal walls 

• move the posterior pharyngeal wall forward 

• rapid opening and closing during speech 

Open Velopharyngeal Port 

for nasal sounds

/m/, /n/, /ng/

Tightly Close Velopharyngeal Port 

for high pressure sounds

Closed Velopharyngeal Port 

for non nasal speech sounds

• all vowels 

• /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/

What are the three velopharyngeal nasal control variables?

• airway resistance 

• sphincter compression 

• acoustic impedance 

NP Nasal control variables - airway resistance

opposition to air flow through velopharyngeal nasal airway

NP Nasal control variables - airway low resistance

during breathing

NP Nasal control variables - airway high resistance

VP closure - no airflowing in the nasal cavity

NP Nasal control variables - sphincter compression

velopharyngeal sphincter can be closed with low compression force (gentle) or high compressive force (forcefully)

What determines sphincter compression?

muscles

NP Nasal control variables - Acoustic Impedance

opposition to flow of sound offered by the velopharyngeal nasal apparatus

NP Nasal control variables - Acoustic Impedance - closed VP

sound energy directed to oral cavity

NP Nasal control variables - Acoustic Impedance - Opened VP

distributed sound energy in nasal and oral cavities

frontal bone

Parietal Bone

Temporal Bone

Occipital Bone

Sphenoid Bone 

ethmoid bone

Mandible

Mandible - Ramus 

Manidble - Angle 

Mandible - Mental Symphysis

Mandible - Condylar Process 

Mandible - Coronoid Process

Maxillae

Palatine Bone 

Nasal Bone 

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Vomer

Zygomatic Bone

Lacrimal Bone