Anatomy Test #2

The skeletal system is the entire framework of the ___ and their ___

bones; cartilages

Each individual bone is an ___

organ

Tissues that make up bones

bone, cartilage, blood, nervous tissue, etc.

Each bone is a complex and dynamic ___ and each bone is continuously being ___

living tissue; remodeled

structural framework for the body

support

protects internal organs from injury

protection

provides points of attachment for skeletal muscles to pull on bones

movement

calcium and phosphorus (inorganic salts) are stores and released in bones

mineral homeostasis

red bone marrow produces blood cells

blood cell production

yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides

energy storage

Osseo/Osteo

bone

Osseous tissue

bone tissue

greater in length than width and contains a shaft and two ends

long bone

Long Bone Examples

humerus, femur, metacarpals, phalanx

almost equal length and width (cube like)

short bone

Short Bone Example

calcareous

developed within tendons

sesamoid

the only common sesamoid bone is the ___

patella

Sesamoid Examples

base of thumb and foot

generally thin and flat (may be curved)

flat bone

Flat Bones Example

sternum, ribs, occipital

do not fit into any other categories; complex shapes

irregular bones

Irregular Bones Examples

vertebras, mandible, maxilla, nasal, face bones

shaft of the bone
mainly compact bone; small amounts of spongy bone

diaphysis

enlarged proximal and distal ends of the bone
mainly spongy bone; small amount of compact bone

epiphyses

spongy bone contains ___ which contain red bone marrow

trabeculae

where the diaphysis and epiphysis meeet

metaphysis

area where the bone is still growing and is present when bone stops growing

epiphyseal

hyaline cartilage that coves the epiphysis

articular cartilage

dense irregular CT that cover all of the bone, except the articular cartilage

periosteum

hollow center within the diaphysis

medullary cavity

lines the medullary cavity

endosteum

___ water
___ collagen fibers (this determines the flexibility)
___ mineral salts (Ca,P, etc. this determines the hardness)

25%, 25%, 50%

stem cells (cell division)

osteogenic cells

bone building cells; initiate calcification

osteoblasts

mature bone cells; most numerous

osteocytes

break down/old worn osteocytes

osteoclasts

creation of, begin

gen

is compact, tightly packed together with few spaces
- external surface of all bones (thicker in diaphysis; thinner in epiphysis)
- resists stresses of weight bearing and movement

compact bone

Haversian System

osteons

runs logitudinally through the bone; contains NAVL

central canal

rings of calcified matrix

concentric lamellea

depression containing osteocytes

lacunae

connects osteocytes together to exchange nutrients/waste

canaliculi

___ has spaces and is not tightly packed together
- makes bones lighter
- located where bone is not heavily stressed
- no osteons
- has trabeculae

spongy bone

flat bones form this way

intramembranous ossification

most bones will form this way (replacement of cartilage by osseous tissue)

endochondral ossification

length occurs at the ___

epiphyseal plate

chondrocytes proliferate and are calcified on the ___ side

diaphysis

ossification is complete between ___ years of age

18-25

___ is replaced by the ___

epiphyseal plate; epiphyseal line

___ occurs by deposition of ___ on the bone surface

thickness; osseous tissue

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, Vit A/C/D

nutrition

growth hormones, sex hormones, thyroid horomones

hormones

weight bearing exercises puts stress on bones

exercise

affects bone grown also

sunlight exposure

within

endo

chondro

cartilage

intra

within

axil skeleton

skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

an adult will have ___ bones

206

___ bones are located in the axial skeleton

80

axial skeleton function

support and protect

___ bones are located in the appendicular skeleton

126

appendicular skeleton function

movement

skull bones, except the mandible, are interlocked along ___

sutures

enclosed and protects brain

cranium

makes up the face

facial bones

maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal

(paranasal) sinuses

anterior, posterior, anterior lateral, posterior lateral

frontals

sagittal, coronal, squamous, and lambdoid

sutures

supports the head and trunk
protects the spinal cord
helps with movement

vertebral column

cervical -7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacrum - 5 fused
coccyx - 4 fused

parts of the vertebral column

joint/articulation is a point of contacted between

two bones
bone and cartilage
bone and teeth

binds parts of the skeleton together
make bone growth possible
permits parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction

articulations

based on anatomical characteristics

structural

connective tissue binding the bones

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

based on the joint function

functional

immoveable

synarthrotic

slightly moveable

amphiarthrotic

freely moveable

diarthrotic

most common type of joint

synovial joint

only joint that is ___

diarthrotic ( freely moveable)

articular cartilage
articular capsule
fibrous membrane/capsule
synovial membrane

parts of the synovial joint

contains synovial fluid

synovial cavity

lubricates the joint

synovial fluid

decreases an angle of a joint

flexion

increases an angle of a joint

extension

movement of a body part away from the midline

abduction

movement of a body part toward the midline

adduction

movement on an axis

rotation

movement around an axis

circumduction

movement of the sole of the foot inward

inversion

movement of the sole of the foot outward

eversion

movement of a body anterior in a horizontal plane

protraction

movement of a body part posterior in a horizontal plane

retraction

movement of a body part superior in a vertical plane

elevation

movement of the foot upward

dorsiflextion

movement of the foot downward

planter flexion