N110 Reading Guide

Localizationists believed the brain was more or less a \______

machine

\______ believed that certain parts of the brain were hardwired to process specific functions

Locationalizts

Dr. \____ topographically mapped the cortical sensory processing areas

Penfield

Dr. Penfield probed the brain with \_______, stimulating that area, and asked the patient in what limb/body part they felt the sensation from.

electrodes

Penfield discovered that he discovered that \______ body parts were adjacently mapped on the brain.

adjacent

When cutting the peripheral nerves from the hand, the axons may undergo \_____

shuffling

stimulation of one area in which a particular limb was mapped would instead induce a sensation on another.

false localization

In 1960, several developments showing that the brain is actually \_____ have emerged.

plastic

\________ experimented with the visual system

Hubel and Weisel

sensory stimuli needs to be introduced during this time or else development and thus function cease

critical period

\______ invented microelectrodes

Merzenich

allows for precise targeting, measuring, and stimulation of certain areas of the brain

microelectrodes

Merzenich cut the nerves in the thumb and index finger of a monkey's hand to induce \______ of nerves.

shuffling

In a series of experiments involving the cutting, rearranging, and combining peripheral nerves in the monkey's hand, he found that maps in the brain were \______.

plastic

They were changing, according to the \______ from the environment.

stimuli

Upon sewing together fingers, the maps on the brain changed so that the map of the two fingers \_____.

combined

When amputating a finger, the map in the brain \______ and was occupied by other fingers.

disappeared

More importantly, this was seen in adult monkeys, not just young ones, challenging that \_______ was the only plasticity that occurred during one's lifetime

developmental plasticity

There seemed to be a \______ between maps

competition

Donald Hebb, the pioneer of plasticity, with the help of Carla Shatz coined the saying "\_______"

neurons that fire together, wire together

\_________ of activity was important for plasticity and rearranging of maps in the brain.

timing and persistence

Merzenich was able to show that neurons fired \______

quickly

Merzenich was able to show that neurons fired more \______

efficiently

Brain maps grew in size only occurred if the subject is \_____ to their task.

paying attention

Merzenich and his colleagues invented the program \_____

Fast For-word

Fast For-word aided children with trouble processing \______

auditory information

The Fast For-word program is basically a collection of brain \_____ designed to improve speech and comprehension.

exercises

Fast For-word used \______, which helped to grab the attention of the students

reward

Rewards release neurotransmitters such as \_________ to help induce the map changes in the brain

dopamine and acetylcholine

Improvements in one area, such as speech and auditory processing in this case, had a \______ effect onto other areas

spillover

Autism is a disease described as a "\________"

mind that cannot comprehend other minds

Autism brain maps are \_______.

undifferentiated

The deficits observed in autism include low IQ and \______ in response to sensory stimuli.

hyperactivity

This hyperactivation has been hypothesized to be a result of excess of \_____

BDNF

BDNF is a neuromodulator important for triggering the \_____ system

attention

The attention system is governed by the \_______ in the brain.

nucleus basalis

The nucleus basalis is always \_____

active

All stimuli in autistic children are believed to be "important," leading to \______ of neural maps.

undifferentiation

Human beings exhibit an extraordinary degree of sexual \______.

plasticity

Sexual desire is regarded as an \_____ across species

experience

\_______ argued that we have a critical period in the shaping of our sexual desires.

Freud

The widespread use and publication of \_____ has caused mounting relationship problems, especially with men

pornography

\________ is built, and thus more explicit and hardcore genres of porn or sensual stimuli need to be induced to achieve the same effect.

tolerance

Porn \______ hijacks our brain's pleasure system

addiction

Pleasure system is also called the \____ system

dopamine

Porn and drugs trigger the production of a protein called \______, which turns on genetic switches that cause our dopaminergic system to go haywire.

delta fosB

Addiction can also be characterized by increased \______ to the stimuli or drug.

sensitivity

Appetitive pleasure was found to be processed by our \_____ system

septal

The septal system and dopaminergic system form the comprehensive \____ dopamine system

mesolimbic

When stimulated, either artificially with electrodes or when we fall in love, a \_____ phenomenon occurs

globalization

Love is like a drug, and mirrors the effects given off by very addictive substances like \_____

cocaine

\______, the calm, warm, and affection hormone compared to the excitement, high-inducing dopamine neuromodulator is released

oxytocin

Oxytocin is also dubbed the \_____ hormone,

amnesic

Oxytocin assists in \_____ previous behaviors and conceptions that are essential for us to develop throughout adolescence and life.

unlearning

A. had a fusion of \_____ brain maps which lead to masochistic tendencies that developed as a result of his experience with his mother.

pain and pleasure

To separate these "brain maps," psychoanalysts made him \____ his childhood memories and had him self-identify the roots of his masochism

recall

This allowed A to \____ his brain, separating the two brain maps in his brain.

rewire

Molecularly, the system of unlearning, or weakening of brain maps, is called \_____

long-term depression

Strengthening of brain maps is called \______.

long-term potentiation

Dr. \_____ suffered a stroke

Bernstein

Bernstein engaged in \______ therapy

constraint-induced

Edward Taub developed a \_______-based treatment

plasticity

The skills learned were closely related to tasks done in everyday life, and were increased \_____ in difficulty in a short period of time

incrementally

This \_____ practice, although rigorous, induced plastic changes in the brain

massed

Edward Taub began his studies at the height of \_______

behaviorism

Behaviorism was a psychological school of thought that testified that our behavior was a \_____ to our environment

response

\________, another behaviorist, expanded upon this by testifying the reflexological theory

Sherrington

The reflexological theory of movement believed that our behavior was simply a \______ to the environmental stimuli received.

response

In \________ experiments, sensory nerves were cut, causing the monkeys to lose function in their limb.

deafferentation

Edward Taub \____ the working arm of a monkey after differentiation to force the monkey to use their bad arm.

slinged

This occurred due to the phenomenon called \_____ shock, in which neurons of the paralyzed limb initially weakened in their response due to the trauma-induced by the procedure.

spinal

Using \____ behavioral learning instead of reward, a popular technique utilizing reward by behaviorists, he was able to restore function in the deafferented limb in the monkeys.

shaping

OCD, or obsessive compulsive disorder, is characterized by an intense feeling of \___

anxiety

People with OCD have an \____, often delusional, bizarre, and nonsensical.

obsession

As a result, they can experience anxiety attacks associated with their obsession, which can induce a \_____ act in order to correct it or alleviate their worry.

compulsive

Patients with OCD experience something called a brain \___

lock

Dr. \_____ coined "brain lock"

Schwartz

In normal individuals, the anxiety feeling, processed by the \_____ triggers a short period of worry

cingulate gyrus

Anxiety triggers a short period of worry in the \____

orbital frontal cortex

The \____ nucleus then kicks in, shifting our minds away from the worry after it's been corrected and allowing us to move on.

caudate

For OCD patients, instead of moving on, they are \____ on their worries.

fixed

Dr. Schwartz invented a \____-based psychotherapeutic approach of treating OCD

plasticity

Dr. Schwartz has his patients \_____ their OCD in order to relabel it

acknowledge

In addition to this step, Dr. Schwartz has his patients engage in a \_____ activity as a method of response prevention

pleasurable

Eventually, their brain \___ rearrange, just like in constraint-induced therapy, unfixing their caudate nucleus and reducing their symptoms.

maps

In our normal pain-sensing system, nociceptors sense \_____ pain,

acute

However, in some cases, damage to nerves can cause \_____ pain, in which false alarms are given.

neuropathic

Pain is more of a \_____ rather than reality,

perception

Pain is an \___ conceived by our brain that projects pain throughout our body rather than the other way around

image

This concept is apparent in patients that experience \____ with amputated/lost limbs.

phantom pain

Although their limbs are amputated, patients still report pain, a \____ feeling as if their limbs are stuck in place, or even itchiness.

frozen

Dr.\______ examined the maps for the arms of amputees

Ramachandaran

The maps for the arms of amputees often merge with their \____.

face maps

This \_____ disorganizes inputs and thus, tickling of the face can induce tickling of the arm

cross-wiring

Stimulation of ears, clavicles, and sternums, which are \_____ mapped next to the nipples of women, often induce pleasure.

topographically

Dr. Rama invented the \___ box

mirror

The mirror box has the patient visualize their amputated arm and thus \____ the brain maps that once controlled it.

re-stimulate

Using the principles of plasticity, similar to Taub's constraint-induced therapy, the mirror box allows the patient to \_____ the pain associated with their limb, thus normalizing their brain maps.

unlearn

Pain is more of an \____, that can be learned and unlearned.

opinion

In the case of patients with chronic pain, their \____ behavior in an attempt to reduce movement and thus pain actually became the command to induce pain itself

guard