Comm 130 Exam 1

Humans don’t develop properly without com. with others, com. with others promotes physical and mental health.

Value of com. to ourselves

Our relationships are built & maintained through com., good social support requires good com., verbal aggressiveness & poor conflict skills are associated with violent relationships.

Value of com. to our relationships

A sender encodes a message that is sent through a channel to a receiver.

Linear Model

Feedback & field of experience added.

Interactive Model

A systematic process in which people interact with & through symbols to create & interpret meanings

Communication

Ongoing and changing

Process

Consists of interrelated parts that affect one another

Systems

The extent to which a system isn’t changing

System Homeostasis

The significance we bestow on a phenomenon

Meanings

Using research to make decisions about com.

Research

Teaching speech

Education

Interacting with the public who need help & essentially running a business

Nonprofits

Journalism, Broadcasting, etc.

Mass Com.

Going into business and teaching com. skills or examining the com. patterns they use and trying to improve them

Training and Consulting

Manage employees

HR and Management

1at to teach public speaking so that people could win court cases

Corax & Tisas

Taught that there were two sides to every question

Protagoras

Formed one of the 1st institutions where they taught that the goal of philosophy was seeking universal truths. Argued that teaching public speaking was dangerous because it would lead people from the truth.

Plato

One of Plato’s students who founded their own school & taught that reality could be understood by systematic observation rather than seeking universal truths. Taught rhetoric.

Aristotle

Aspect of persuasion establishing speaker credibility

Ethos

Aspect of persuasion moving the audience’s emotions

Pathos

Aspect of persuasion using logic and reasoning

Logos

Established in 1914, Felt their interests were ignored by the English teachers of the MLA. Have a conference every November in a different city (Around 7k members)

National Communication Organization

Established in 1950, Formed to create an organization that would focus more on social scientific approaches to com. research. Have a conference every May/June that is sometimes in the US. (Around 4,500 members)

International Communication Association

The process of examining a text to see how it works communicatively

Rhetorical Criticism

Methods in which scholars identify & challenge com. practices that harm social groups

Critical Research

Systematically collecting & analyzing numeric data about com. phenomena by looking for meaning in com. patterns in texts & groups

Qualitative Research

Systematically collecting & analyzing numeric data about com. phenomena to draw broad conclusions about overall patterns in a population

Quantitative Research

Topic in com. that focuses on com. with ourselves

Intrapersonal

Topic in com. that focuses on com. between a small # of people

Interpersonal

Topic in com. that focuses on com. in communities and work teams

Small group & team communication

Topic in com. that focuses on 1 person addressing a group of people

Public speaking

Topic in com. that focuses on the ways in which com. is used to create different kinds of social structures

Organizational communication

Topic in com. that focuses on using mediated com. to reach large #’s of people

Mass media

Topic in com. that focuses on com. that relies on a tech. channel to send a message between 2 entities

Mediated communication

Topic in com. that focuses on com. between people of different cultures

Intercultural communication

Topic in com. that focuses on the study of how com. can improve people’s health

Health communication

Perception Process in which we ignore most of the stimuli around us and eventually orient automatically or intentionally to something (1)

Selection

Perception Process in which we sort data we take in (2)

Organization

Cognitive structures we use to organize and interpret experiences

Schemata

Knowledge structures that define the clearest or ideal examples of some category

Prototypes

Bipolar constructs that we use to evaluate people

Personal Constructs

A predictive generalization about a person or situation based on their category

Stereotypes

A sequence of activities that spells out how we are expected to act

Scripts

Perception Process in which we create explanations for what we observe and experience (3)

Interpretation

Our explanations for why someone did something

Attributions

We are more likely to construct attributions that serve our own interests

Self-Serving Bias

Our bodies differ in how they see the world

Physiological Factors

We tend to notice things that fit what we believed we would see

Expectations

There are a variety of aspects about how we think that affects our perception

Cognitive Abilities

How many different ways we think about people and how organized our understanding of them tends to be

Cognitive Complexity

Beliefs, values, understandings, practices, & ways if interpreting experience that a # of people share

Culture

A group of people within an overall society that has a culture that is distinct from it

Social Communities

We tend to overestimate our ability to figure out what others are thinking

Mind Reading

Ask people if your explanation for their behavior is accurate

Check perceptions with others

Additional facts you conclude are true based on a set of observations

Inference

Evaluation of someone based on a set of observations & inferences

Judgement

Learn to distinguish ____ from ____ & ____

facts, inferences, judgements

Try to think before you explain other’s behavior with negative attributions while giving yourself excuses for your own

Monitor for self-serving bias

A social community that actively resists the norms of another the dominant culture

Counterculture

Check Standpoint Theory

Here when done

The extent to which members of a culture understand themselves as part of & connected to their family

Individualism Vs. Collectivism

The extent to which people want to avoid ambiguity & vagueness

Uncertainty Avoidance

The size of the gap between people with high & low power & the extent to which that is regarded as normal

Power and Distance

The extent to which members of a culture think about long term vs. short term

Long term/ short term orientation

Respect for elders & old traditions

Long term

Living for the moment & less respect for elders

Short term

A list of 58 values clustered by type on which cultures can vary (Schwartz)

Different Values of Deferent Cultures

The relationship between Culture and Communication

They are reciprocal

Very direct, explicit, and detailed com. Do not assume others understand their meaning so everything is spelled out carefully.

Low context communication

Indirect & undetailed com. listeners are meant to interpret rather than simply hear messages. Assume others understand their meaning due to shared background.

High context communication

New words create change by giving a label to something, social movements organize around identities

Communication as a social change

Improving com.: ____ that balances cultural awareness with awareness of individual differences within a culture or social community

Person-centered communication

Improving com.: ____ other’s feelings & ideas rather than assuming you can understand their experience

Respect

Improving com.: Resist ____ ____ such that we don’t automatically assume our cultural standards are superior to those of others

ethnocentric bias

Recognizing that cultures vary in what they believe and value

Cultural relativism

There are no consistent standards of good & behavior & all such standards are the product of a culture

Moral relativism

5 Levels of adapting: (1) Rejecting the beliefs of another culture or social community

Resistance

5 Levels of adapting: (2) Accepting that other cultures have different ways of doing things & respecting their right to their culture

Tolerance

5 Levels of adapting: (3) Rather than merely accepting that people have deferent cultural beliefs & practices, one tries to understand what those differences are and learn about them

Understanding

5 Levels of adapting: (4) Appreciating that cultural diversity provides a wider variety of viewpoints

Respect

5 Levels of adapting: (5) Incorporating some of the values & practices of other cultures into one’s own life

Participation

A multidimensional process that involves forming and acting from social perspectives that arise & evolve in com. with others & ourselves

Self

The perspective that represents one’s perception of the rules, roles, & attitudes endorsed by one’s group or community

Generalized Other

Particular people who are significant sources of how we understand ourselves

Specific Others

Identity Characteristics Western Society Finds Important: A particular combination of melanin & other physical features that cause others to look different

Race

Identity Characteristics Western Society Finds Important: The meaning society attaches to sex

Gender

argued that the way our parents treat us impacts how we form personal relationships for the rest of our lives

John Bowlby

Identity Characteristics Western Society Finds Important: Which gender or genders do you find sexually attractive? Which gender or genders do you wish to pursue romantic relationships with? Is it a category or a matter of degree?

Sexual Orientation

Identity Characteristics Western Society Finds Important: How much money you and your family has and how much you had growing up

Socioeconomic status

Attachment Styles: Positive self-view, positive others-view

 As a child they received consistent care from their

parents

 As adults they are affectionate and able to handle

close relationships ups and downs

 Most middle class children are securely attached

whereas poorer children are less likely to be

Secure

Attachment Styles: Negative self-view, Negative others-view

 As a child they were abused or neglected

 As adults they seem themselves as unlovable

and likely to be rejected by others

 They are reluctant to enter into close

relationships due to fear of rejection but they

wish they could

Fearful

Attachment Styles: Negative self-view, positive others-

view

 As a child their caregivers were inconsistent, sometimes

caring and protective and other times neglectful or

abusive

 They tend to be inconsistent in relationships, they may

be affectionate one day and anxious about their

relationship the next

Anxious/Ambivalent

Positive self-view, Negative others-view

 Though they may be neglected by parents, they still

see themselves as valuable but do not view close

relationships as desirable or important

Dismissive

We learn about ourselves by seeing how others treat us

Reflected Appraisal

We learn about ourselves when others explicitly tell us what they think our identity is

Direct Definition

We evaluate ourselves relative to other people

Social Comparison

We compare ourselves to people who are much better than us- Too much of this hurts self-esteem

Upward Comparison

We compare ourselves to people who are much worse than us- Too much of this gives us over-inflated self-esteem

Downward Comparison

When we reveal personal information to others that they would have been unlikely to learn on their own

Self-disclosure