Elementary Psychology - University of Iowa

Who was considered the "John Wayne" of Psychology?

Gordan Bower

Who was considered the "Father of Psychology"?

Wilhelm Wundt

What was Wilhelm Wundt credited for developing?

Introspection

What are the two pillars of Psychology?

Philosophy and Physiology

William James proposed what type of Psychology?

Functionalism

This emphasized the continuous flow of consciousness.

Functionalism

Who was the most famous Psychologist?

Freud

Who popularized the notion that behavior and subjective experience was largely controlled by outside forces of conscious awareness?

Freud

Psychology should only study observable behavior is based off of what?

Behaviorism

Who discovered "Instrumental Conditioning"?

Thorndike

Behaviors that are rewarded increase in frequency is based off of what?

Instrumental Conditioning

Who advocated "Radical Behaviorism"?

John Watson

After "Introspection" was found a failure, what was new Psychology based on?

Methodological Behaviorism

Who continued the push for Radical Behaviorism?

R.F. Skinner

Psychology can study hidden behavior processes such as memory, attention, stereotypes, beliefs, etc is called what?

The Cognitive Resolution

True/False: Psychology is a young science?

True

True/False: Behavior and Mind are difficult to study?

True

What are the two types of research designs?

Correlational and Experimental

What makes an Experimental Design work?

Researcher manipulates one variable and measures effects of the manipulation on another (control variable)

Testable prediction of what will happen under certain circumstances

Hypothesis

Manipulated Variable

Independent Variable

Measured Variable

Dependent Variable

Assures each participant has an equal likelihood of being assigned to any experimental group, creates equivalence

Random Assignment

Systematically affects participant performance

Bias

Cues revealing the experimenters expectation to the participant

Demand Characteristics

A study in which both the investigator and the participant are blind(unaware) of the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving

Double Blind Studies

Scientific Theories must be testable

Falsifiability

A good scientific theory should:

1. Make Predictions

2.Be as explicit as possible

3.Be deterministic - don't let something else happen "no wiggle room"

4.Be public - explain every detail to the public

5. Be Communal - makes science stronger

What Criteria should we use to evaluate theories?

1.Predictive power

2.Falsifiability

3.Parsimony - want theory to be as simple as possible

4.Coverage - want theory to cover as many situations as possible

Basic building blocks, anything you can measure

Variables

Differences between independent variables are called

Causes

Differences between dependent variables are called

Effects

Uncontrolled Variables that varies independently of independent variables

Nuisance Variables

Special kind of Nuisance Variable

Confounds

Term for the quality of operational definitions

Validity

What are the 4 main types of Validity that we look at?

Construct, Face, Criterion, Convergent

Any valid measure, (may not be valid)

Reliability

These are designed to test extra sensory results

Zener Cards

What are the 3 Characteristics of Science as discussed in class?

1.Structured Empiricism

2.Verification(replication)

3.Testable Hypothesis

Sources of Scientific Opinions: A proposed Hierarchy

Data

Reason

Authority

Intuition

True/False: The Human Brain has roughly 100 billion neurons

True

How many Neurons does the human brain loose per day?

85,000

What percentage of resting oxygen does the brain use?

20%

Three Major Divisions of the Brain

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

What is required for normal movement?

Basal Ganglia

This part of the brain controls emotion

Amygdala

This part of the brain is meant for learning and memory(important for long term memory)

Hippocampus

This part of the brain is wrinkly, our "gray matter", contains two hemispheres (each hemisphere has 2 lobes).

Cerebral Cortex

True/False: Different Regions of the Cerebral Cortex are responsible for different psychological behaviors

True

Which Lobe is responsible for vision?

Occipital Lobe

Which Lobe is involved with perception of touch, spatial perception

Parietal Lobe

Which Lobe involves the perception of objects, auditory perception (hearing), and language comprehension?

Temporal Lobe

Which Lobe is involved with speed production, movement, complex thinking, and aspects of personality

Frontal Lobe

True/False: All regions of the Brain have the same amount of cortex devoted to them

False

True/False: Cortex is plastic - malleable based on experience

True

Building blocks of the brain

Neurons

What is the input of a neuron in order?

Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Terminal Branches of Axon

Which Part of the Neuron take in the information? (many of these per neuron)

Dendrites

Which Part of the Neuron contains the nucleus?

Cell Body

Which Part of the Neuron takes the information away (only 1)?

Axon

Which Part of the Neuron is the electrical-chemical signal?

Action Potential

Which Part of the Neuron is the fatty tissue that insulates the axon, increases the speed of the neural transmitter?

Myelin Sheath

What cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neurons?

Neurotransmitters

True/False: Increased myelin sheath diameter increases speed of neural transmitter?

True

True/False: Brain has two hemispheres?

True

Band of nerves connecting the two hemispheres, and allows them to communicate

Corpus Callosum

This hemisphere is responsible for verbal processing, language, speech, reading.

Left Hemisphere

This hemisphere is responsible for nonverbal processing, spatial, musical

Right Hemisphere

What term is used to describe the fact that each hemisphere is connected to the opposite side of the body?

Contralateral Control

This is an ordered map of skin surface in the parietal cortex

Somatosensory Homunculus

Changes to the cortex happen with:

Experience and Amputation

This pain system deals with sharp pain

Fast Pain System

This pain system deals with dull, aching pain

Slow Pain System

True/False: A neuron has one action potential or it doesn't have one at all?

True

What kind of reaction happens between neurons?

Chemical

Excitatory Neurotransmitter, involved in learning and memory, most widely used throughout the brain

Glutamate

Inhibitory Transmitters, may be involved with anxiety

GABA

Not as wide spread, concentrated in hypothalamus and cortex, involved with sleep, depression, LSD affects this

Serotonin

Not as wide spread, concentrated in the basal ganglia and frontal Lobes, involved with Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, some drug addictions are also involved with this

Dopamine

Too much Dopamine results in:

Huntington's

Not enough dopamine results in:

Parkinson's

What are the two types of Neuropsychological Methodology?

Single and Double Dissociation

What term relates to: A Motive initiates behavior and gives it a direction (goal)

Motivation

True/False: Motivation is a bridge between Psychology and Physiology

True

From Top to Bottom, List Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1. Self-Authorization

2.Esteem

3.Love or Belongingness

4.Safety

5.Physiological

Our internal physiological balance of temperature, water content, food, etc.

Homeostasis

An example of this is that temperature is a basic motive

Thermoregulation

The Ideal "temperature, blood pressure, etc"

Set Point

True/False: Set Point deviation cause initiative behavior

True

This part of the brain is involved with many motivated behaviors

Hypothalamus

These are neurons that respond to temperature (First shown by Magoun in "hot cat" experiment)

Thermoreceptors

This part of the brain can influence learning behavior

Hypothalamus

What theory explains the the Hypothalamus has two centers: hunger center and safety ("full") center?

Dual-Center Theory

What are Psychological Influences on Anorexia and Bulimia?

Hypothalamus and serotonin

What are personality/family factors in anorexia?

Perfection and Self-Control

What are Psychological Influences on Obesity?

Emotions and Toxic Food Environment

True/False: Emotions are facial expressions

True

What are the three brief patterns of response?

Behavioral Display, Physiological Response, Subjective Feelings

How many primary emotions do we have?

6 (or 7)

Name the main seven emotions that we feel

Anger, Happiness, Surprise, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, Contempt