Chapter 1 Levels of Organization

appendicular

pertaining to the limbs

pericardium

membrane that surrounds the heart

cranial

pertaining to the portion of the skull that surrounds the brain

dorsal

position toward the back

physiology

study of body functions

metabolism

chemical changes in the body

parietal membrane

membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

pleural membrane

membrane that encloses the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity

anatomy

study of structure, which often involves cutting or removing body parts

first unit of organization

atom

second unit of organization

molecule

third unit of organization

macromolecule

fourth unit of organization

cell

fifth unit of organization

tissue

sixth unit of organization

organ

seventh unit of organization

organ system

eighth unit of organization

organism

increase in size from birth until adulthood including cells

growth

ability to sense and react to changes inside or outside of a body such as eating when you are hungry or feeling pain when injured

responsiveness

can be external (change in position and location of a body in the environment) internal (blood flow and beating of the heart)

movement

sum of all chemical reactions in a body at any given time (nutrient cycling)

metabolism

having more of the same organisms

reproduction

making energy; most organisms do this by taking oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

respiration

breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

digestion

moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

circulation

removing waste products

excretion

being alive requires certain environmental factors... what are they?

Chemicals, heat, pressure

What is the most abundant chemical in all living systems?

water

Is heat a form of energy?

yes

What pressure in humans is important in breathing?

atmospheric

Provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment

receptors

tells what a value should be (body temp.)

set point (control center)

bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

effectors (muscles or glands)

Order of Negative feedback mechanism:

stimulus, receptors, control center, effectors, response

stimulus definition

a change occurs in the internal environment

true or false: most feedback mechanisms in the body are negative

true

the axial portion of a human includes...

head, neck, and trunk

the appendicular portion of a human includes...

upper and lower limbs

the human organism can be divided into what two portions

axial and appendicular

Cranial Cavity: portion it belongs too and what it contains

axial and the brain

vertebral canal: portion it belongs too and what it contains

axial and the spinal cord within the vertebrae

thoracic cavity: portion it belongs too and what it contains

axial and lungs, bronchi, trachea, heart, thymus esophagus

Viscera cavities

thoracic and abdominopelvic

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm

What is the thoracic cavity wall composed of?

skin, skeletal muscles, and various bones

What forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity?

mediastinum

What does the mediastinum contain?

heart, esophagus trachea, and thymus

The _____ are on either side of the mediastinum

lungs

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines

Size of abdominal cavity

extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis

Which portions does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

upper abdominal and lower pevlic

the portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones

pelvic cavity

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

terminal portion of the large intestines, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

What does the integumentary system consist of?

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

function of integumentary system

protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature, house sensory receptors, and synthesize certain products

What does the skeletal system consist of?

bones, ligaments, cartilages

Function of skeletal system

provide framework, protect soft tissues, attachments for muscles, and act with muscles when body parts move

What does the muscular system consist of?

skeletal muscles

muscular system function:

provide forces that move body parts by contracting and pulling their ends closer together, maintain posture, and the major source of body heat

Which two systems control and adjust various organ functions to help maintain homeostasis?

nervous and endocrine

what does the nervous system consist of?

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

what does the endocrine system include?

glands that secrete hormones

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood

nervous system function:

receive information from inside or outside the body or interpret and respond to that information - contract or secrete products

endocrine system function:

Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells

cardiovascular system function:

Pumps blood around the body; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

lymphatic system includes

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymph

function of lymphatic system

transport tissue fluid into bloodstream, carry fatty substances away from digestive organs and into the blood stream, and defend against infections

digestive system consists of:

stomach, mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine

digestive system function

receive food from the outside and break it down to be used by the organism

respiratory system function:

move air in and out of the lung and exchange gases between the blood and air

parts of the respiratory system:

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

function of the reproductive system

produce new offspring

region between the thorax and pelvis

abdominal

the point of the shoulder

acromial

the forearm

antebrachial

the space in front of the elbow

antecubital

the armpit

axillary

the arm

brachial

the cheek

buccal

the heel

calcaneal

the wrist

carpal

abdomen

celiac

head

cephalic

ribs

costal

hip

coxal

leg

crural

elbow

cubital

finger or toe

digital

back

dorsal

thigh

femoral

forehead

frontal

external reproductive organs

genital

buttocks

gluteal

groin- area between the abdominal wall near the thigh

inguinal

the loin - lower back between ribs and pelvis

lumbar

breast

mammary

chin

mental

nose

nasal

lower posterior region of the head

occipital