Unit 8 Psych

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in one's thinking, emotion regulation, or behavior

medical model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.

epigenetics

study of environemntal influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change

DSM 5

the APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

anxiety disorders

class of disorders in which the primary symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety

social anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

agoraphobia

fear of open spaces

phobia

anxiety that is related to a specific situation or object

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

an anxiety disorder consisting of unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Before early 1800s

Ppl with mental illnesses were considered possessed, a witch, or an evil being

Pinel (1800s)

Medical model

Dorothea Dix (Mid 1800s)

USA Social Reformer who got rid of cruel and inhumane treatment towards ppl with mental illneses

Rosenhan Study (1973)

Engaged several volunteers (him included) to go to a mental hospital and report they "had been hearing voices" and got admitted. Then, they behaved normally. Rosenham was observing the interactions between the medical staff et ppl with mental illnesses. It took them several weeks to get out.

* key: found that medical staff were taking things for granted

diathesis stress model

stressor triggers vulnerability level

specific phobia

common phobias

differential diagnosis

the process of differentiating between two or more conditions that share similar signs or symptoms.

comorbidity

the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically

anxiety hierarchy

A rank-ordered list of what the client fears, starting with the least frightening and ending with the most frightening.

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

mania

hyperactive + optimistic + dangerous/reckless behavior

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

learned helplessness (martin seligman)

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

persistent depressive disorder

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder

* lasted more than 2 years
* symptoms: low esteem, hopelessness, low appetite, low energy

seasonal affective disorder

depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern (winter \-- colder + less sunshine)

major depressive disorder

Person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

* causes: biology, socio-cultural, cognitive

Bipolar Type 1

Most serious bipolar type where a person must exhibit high levels of depression and mania

Bipolar Type 2

Less serious bipolar type where a person must exhibit lower levels.. hypomania + depression

schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

* very difficult to treat
* it is now based on a positive-negative spectrum according to the DSM 5

psychotic disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

hallucinations

a false sensory experience\-- seeing things that aren't there in reality

delusion

false beliefs which are often a persecution/grandeur

* grandeur example: I think I'm Napoleon
* persecution example: I'm being chased by a SWAT team

chronic schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood

acute schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age - it frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event

psychosis

a shattered sense of reality

positive spectrum of schizophrenia

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, and nonsensical speech

negative spectrum of schizophrenia

flat affect (no emotion), reduced social interaction, anhedonia (no feelings of enjoyment), avolition (less movement), alogia (lack of speech), cantonic behavior (awkward movement/posture)

somatic symptom disorder

a disorder in which symptoms take abodily form without apparent physical cause

conversion disorder

related to somatic symptom disorder, a person experiences specific, physical symptoms that aren't compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions

* headaches, numbness, tingliness

illness anxiety disorder

related to the somatic symptom disorder, a person demonstrates extreme worry to the point they are convinced they are ill

dissonance disorders

controversial, rare disorders which conscious awareness dissociates from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

DID

rare dissociative disorder which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternative personalities

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

those of which usually are a man who exhibit lack of conscience for wrongdoing

* often associated w/ psychopaths --> prone to be criminals who are locked up

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder where one starves one's self and performs excessive exercise

bulimia nervos

an eating disorder where one binge eats high calorie foods then showcases weight loss behavior (i.e vomitting, laxating use, fasting, or exercise)

binge eating disorder

binge-eating episodes followed by distress, disgust, guilt, without wanting to lose weight

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques between a trained therapist and a patient

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

eclectic approach

various forms \-- psychotherapy

psychoanalysis

Freud's therapeutic technique \-- free associations, resistances, dreams, unconscious

resistance

blocking consciousness of anxiety

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

insight therapies

therapies aiming to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Rogerian Therapy (client-centered therapy)

by Carol Rogers, it's a humanist therapy where a therapist would actively listen within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth

active listening

emphatic listening which the listener restates, echoes, and clarifies

Uncondiional positive regard

caring, accepting, non-judgemental attitude to help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

antisocial personality disorder

facitious disorder

those diagnosed with this disorder know they're not sick, but they make themselves sick

Cluster A

Mad \-- genes related to psychoses

schizoid personality disorder

someone who is socially clumsy, demonstrates social withdrawal, and does not portray a lot of emotions.

- you don't like people

schizotypal personality disorder

someone who has anxiety, depression, other dysphoria, eccentric behaviors and beliefs, magical thinking, odd speech, and perceptual distortions

paranoid personality disorder

someone who is hostile, stubborn, defensive, avoids intimacy and emotions, and their primary defense is projection

Cluster B

Bad \-- related to mood disorders, substance abuse, and somatization

antisocial personality disorder

someone who lacks of remorse, has low autonomic arousal, and can be manipulative

* seen in criminals
* associated with sociopaths

borderline personality disorder

someone who has an unstable mood, is lonely or empty, acts recklessely, and has uneasy relationships

histrionic personality disorder

mostly seen in women where they demonstrate excessive emotionality, attention seeking, and act out because of their moods.

Narcissistic personality disorder

someone who believes in self-importance yet has a low self-esteem. During their childhood, they may have realized that their parents aren't perfect. They have intense injuries to self-esteem/are emotional.

Cluster C

Sad \-- easier to treat \-- SSRIs

Avoidant personality disorder

Someone who doesn't like to be around people. They are shy, eager to please, and they avoid personal relationships. However, they crave contact and acceptance.

Dependent personality disorder

Predominantly seen in women, they portray submissive behavior, fear of separation, and are always in a relationship. There may be a comorbidity w/ depression.

Obssessive-Compulsive personality disorder

Someone who is always seeking perfection, is inflexible in all areas. They may be detail-oriented, feel undervalued by parents, and may need dependency.

behavior therapy

applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

counterconditioning

developed by Mary Cover Jones, it has procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unnatural behaviors

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques that expose people to fears which change behavior

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

1\.relaxation technique

2\.hierarchy - fear, anxiety

3\.work through anxiety

\*taking baby steps

* by Joseph Wolfe

progressive relaxation

relaxation exercises

virtual reality exposure therapy

treat anxiety through creative electronic stimulations

i.e) airplane flying, public speaking, spiders

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with unwanted behavior

token economy

earning a token when performing desired behavior and can be rewarded by using tokens

cognitive therapy

teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking \-- based on assumptions that thoughts intervene between events et emotional reactions

rational-emotive behavior therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

\-note: this focuses more on negative emotions or thoughts

CBT

developed by Aaron T. Beck, it's a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy (changes behavior)

\-note: this focuses more on anxieties et phobias

group therapy

conducted with groups - group interaction therapy

family therapy

treats people in context of family system

decatastrophizing

undoing cognitive distortion \-- ensuring that a client stops exaggerating a problem

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining results of different research studies

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise et patient characteristics et preferences

therapeutic alliance

bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the problem

counselors

licensed with master degrees

i.e) high school counselors, college counselor

clinical or psychiatric social workers

licensed et passed a test

i,e) marriage counselor

clinical psychologists

could be experimenting or could be working in hospitals