APUSH Final Review :D

100 Days

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* The term applied to President Roosevelt's first three months in taking office.
* FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government

13th Amendment

Official end to slavery and to fundamental part in southern life since colonies

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship rights to former slaves (2nd veto override) in hopes of preventing Supreme Court from declaring Civil Rights Act Unconstitutional (doesn’t work)

15th Amendment

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* makes it illegal to deny the right to vote based on race
* give African American men the right to vote

16th Amendment

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* created Federal Income Tax
* passed under Wilson

17th Amendment

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* direct election of Senators
* initiated by Taft, passed under Wilson
* result: direct primaries 

18th Amendment

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* prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages (1919-1930s)
* ushered the era of prohibition
* divided US
* rural v. big cities
* shows sentiment against immigrants
* led to violence and illegal activity
* bootlegging
* speakeasies  

19th Amendment

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* passed in 1919 and in effect in 1920
* gives women the right to vote
* the result of women’s work in WWI

21st Amendment

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* the end of federal laws to bar the manufacture, transportation, and sale of intoxicating liquors
* ends the prohibition era

A.A.A.

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* paid farmers to plow under (not plant) more acreage to increase crop prices. 
* could hurt black and white sharecroppers by kicking them off land. (declared unconstitutional in 1935 by SCOTUS)
* have agricultural prices in same ratio to industrial prices in 1914

Al Capone

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* a leader of organized crime in Chicago in the late 1920s, involved in gambling, the illegal sale of alcohol, and prostitution
* his gang eliminated 7 members of rival Bugs Moran gang (known as the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre) as a result public viewed gang violence getting out of hand and Treasury Department gets more funding

Andrew Carnegie

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* steel
* Bessemer Process - process for converting iron into steel that allowed easier production of steel with less expenses and more efficiency
* vertical integration - control every part of production process from natural resources to finished product 
* *Gospel of Wealth - some people are destined to be wealthy in order to help society (ex. start libraries, museums, parks, music halls, etc.)*
* *gives away half his wealth*

Andrew Johnson

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* uneducated Slave-owning former TN Democrat 
* 10% plan but states must ratify 13th amendment and important/wealthy people must receive presidential amnesty
* first president to get impeached
* fires Stanton and Congress uses that as an excuse to impeach Johnson
* almost impeached but power is greatly weakened
* only success = Seward’s Folly (purchase of Alaska)

Atomic Bomb

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* Manhattan Project was responsible for its creation
* threats of these prevented US and USSR from engaging in official warfare
* led to Japanese surrender in WWII
* Hiroshima
* Nagasaki 

Bay of Pigs

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* 1961 
* CIA operation to overthrow Castro 
* an American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels - however is a total failure
* US and JFK look bad and weak 

Berlin Airlift

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* 1948-1949
* soviets tried to close all access to West Berlin in order to make all of it communist 
* in response the US sent in supplies by air for 1 year 
* example of containment

Berlin Wall

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* 1961
* divided between East and West (free and communist)
* life is better in West which makes USSR look bad so Soviets build a concrete wall to seal off West
* stand for 30 years until the fall of communism

Betty Friedan

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* starts modern feminist movement with her book *The Feminine Mystique* 
* claims the life of stay at home mom is a concentration camp

Black Codes

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* State laws that applied to former slaves that limit their rights and used to ensure black people are still available as cheap labor
* includes the vagrancy laws (forcing unemployed African Americans into unpaid labor)
* Southern response to Reconstruction

Bonus Army

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* veterans march to Washington march to Washington DC to get Congress to pay their war bonuses early
* Hoover sends the army to clear them out which makes him appear more uncaring

Booker T. Washington

* black leader from the South after Fredrick Douglass 
* believed that lack of social acceptance and rights is temporary and African Americans should keep their heads down and work with the system 
* believed in New South - low level industrial jobs to lift black up in society

founds *Tuskegee Institute*  

Brown v Board of Education

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* precedent for process of integration 
* NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall argues that it was impossible to have separate but equal schools 
* result - SC overturns Plessy v. Ferguson for education

Bull Moose Party

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* also known as the Progressive Party
* created by T. Roosevelt in 1912
* most successful third party
* platform
* social welfare, trust busting for bad trusts, female suffrage, regulate big business, NO monopolies

C.C.C.

program built to help unemployed young men who are taken into countryside and live in camps working on conservation and forestry projects

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who went to the south after the Civil War  mostly to run for office but for other reasons too (financial gain, social gain, etc.)

Charles Lindbergh

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* the first man to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean
* became an immediate celebrity/hero  and a symbol for the technological innovations of the 1920s, as well a representative of the “self-made man”.
* popularizes air travel

China

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* US exerts economic imperialism over this country
* spheres of influence
* split between the European powers in order to avoid war
* different nations controlled different areas of China
* open door policy 
* created by John Hay in 1899
* proposed to other nations -- policy allowed any nation to trade in sphere of influence (Europe, wanting to avoid war, ignores)
* allowed the US to expand it markets
* boxer rebellion
* violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian movement led by _______ nationalists
* response to European involvement in China
* occurred 1899-1901

Clayton Antitrust Act

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* 1914
* strengthened government power against trusts
* replaces Sherman Antitrust
* specified particular prohibited conduct
* price-discrimination
* mergers
* interlocking directorates
* unions exempt
* Wilson passes

Compromise of 1877

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* marked the end of the Reconstruction Era (end of military reconstruction)
* Hayes gets presidency and in return the democrats get troops sent out
* resulted from election of 1876 where foul play led Hayes and Tilden to tie

Conservatives

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* in response to height of liberalism during LBJ’s presidency
* directly opposes liberalism 
* beliefs 
* communists are a threat to the US
* military buildup -- strong national defense 
* limit federal social welfare 
* states rights -- support power at state and local level
* lower taxes
* harsher penalties for criminals
* foreign policy with US’s best interest in mind
* support wealth creation and limit power of Unions
* smaller government with less spending 

Contras

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* Rebels who opposed the anti-American government in Nicaragua; provided with covert aid by the Reagan administration and CIA

Credit Mobilier

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* 1872
* biggest scandal of the Grant Administration
* formed when a group of union pacific railroad insiders formed the credit mobilier construction company and then hired themselves to build the railroad with inflated wages. They bribed several congressmen and the vice president to keep the scandal from going public.
* scandals fractured Republican’s reputation and weakened their political power

Cuban Missile Crisis

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* 1962
* an American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba
* very tense situation where the world was on verge of nuclear war 
* US agreed to Khrushchev's offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba.
* result - increase in prestige for Kennedy and Khrushchev removed from power 
* Khrushchev replaced by Leonid Brezhnev 

Dawes Act

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* meant to make conditions for Native Americans better
* mix tribes together and break tribal identity and create group of small farmers and would eventually become citizens
* gives the president the authority to break up reservations
* does not work well

D-Day

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* 1944
* the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France
* The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war.

Detente

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* Kissinger’s policy of easing tensions with the USSR instead of cold war confrontations 
* try to divide China and USSR
* get along better with communist nations 
* get on better terms with China 
* pressures Soviets to get on better terms with US

Douglas MacArthur

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* in charge of Philippines where he tries to hold Bataan Peninsula but is pushed off the island-- “I shall return”
* prominent general on Pacific front against Japanese 
* during the Cold War disagreed with Truman on strategy in Korean War
* wanted to attack Chinese forces in North Korea while Truman did not want to antagonize North Korea’s allies 
* relieved of command for insubordination  

Dust Bowl

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* bad drought in Great Plains combined with plowing up marginal lands and eliminating grass caused top soil to be blown away
* ‘34 to ‘36
* 500,000 left homeless and 2.5 mil people move

Dwight Eisenhower

34th president of the United States (1953-1961)

* Approved the Interstate Highway System
* President during launching of Sputnik
* U-2 incident
* Economics focuses on business expansion
* Coined idea of “Domestic Creeping Socialism”
* _____________ Doctrine

Earl Warren

Appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court During Eisenhower’s Presidency

Hosted and ruled the Brown vs Board of Education case

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s original idea for a treaty post WWI

* Next to none of his ideas make it on the list

George W. Bush

43rd president of the United States (2001-2009)

* Initiated War on Terror
* ____ Tax cuts
* Great Recession
* Troubled Assets Relief Program
* Known for his strong leadership post 9/11

Gerald Ford

38th president of the United States (1974-1977)

* Pardoned Nixon
* Whip Inflation Now Program
* Passed Indian Self-determination Act (1975)
* President during Fall of Saigon

Great Migration

The mass immigration of African Americans from the South to the North

Mostly motivated by economic freedom and escaping racial discrimination

Great Society

LBJ’s domestic program

* Origin: Passage of JFK’s previously rejected policies
* Main goal: Eliminate racial injustice and poverty
* Set up the modern Welfare system of the US
* Expanded Federal Government’s power

Great White Fleet

A group of battle ships that sailed around the world

* Commissioned by Theodore Roosevelt
* Showed off America’s Naval power

Grover Cleveland

22nd President of the United States (1893-1897)

* **Relatively powerless**
* **Bimetallism**
* **Panic of 1893**
* **Pullman Strike**
* **United States vs E.C. Knight**
* **Plessy vs Ferguson**

Gulf of Tonkin

Location at which LBJ’s resolution took place and marked the beginning of America’s full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War

Harlem Renaissance

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Height of black culture during the 20th century

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* **Marked the beginning of the Jazz Age**
* **Created a lost Generation of Writers**
* **Langston Hughes, Hemingway, Fitzgerald, etc.**
* **Neighborhood was relatively poor in reality**

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States (1945-1953)

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* **Fair Deal**
* **Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company vs Sawyer**
* **Taft-Hartley Act**
* **Marshall Plan**
* **Berlin Airlift**
* **Origin of Containment Policies**
* **President during Korean Conflict**

Helen Hunt Jackson

Woman activist who wrote about the injustices of Native Americans

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* ***A Century of Dishonor***

Henry Cabot Lodge

US Senator during WW1

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* **Strong Reservationist**
* **Had issues with Article 10**

Henry Kissinger

Secretary of State during Nixon’s Presidency

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* **Orchestrated the tension between the Soviet Union and China** 

Herbert Hoover

31st president of United States (1929-1933)

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* **Smoot-Hawtley Tariff**
* **Reconstruction Finance Corporation**
* **Stimson Doctrine** 
* **Bonus Army**

Ida Tarbell

Female muckraker who exposed The standard Oil company

Imperialism

The act of exerting influence over another country with either diplomacy or military force

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* **Aka Manifest Destiny overseas**
* **Hotly debated topic in US**
* **Various countries affected such as the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, etc.**

Isolationism

In context, the act of avoiding interference in foreign affairs

Popular attitude during the beginning of the 20th century in America

J.P. Morgan

A powerful banker in modern America

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* **Known for financing railroads, running US steel, General electric, etc.**

Jane Addams

Feminist who founded Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), etc.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil Company and one of the richest men of the era

Horizontal integration

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of the during Dwight Eisenhower’s presidency

Took more aggressive measures against communism

John Hay

Secretary of state responsible for Open Door Policy

John Muir

Famous Preservationist who sparked the environmentalist movement

Inspired Theodore Roosevelt to pass conservationist policies

Josef Stalin

Leader of USSR from 1929-1953

Single Handedly transformed USSR from peasant society to military powerhouse

Joseph McCarthy

Republican senator during the second Red Scare

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* **Accused 100s of Democrats as being communist**
* **Eventually kicked out of Senate when he goes after the military**
* **Inspired fear and paranoia during the Cold War**

Kent State Massacre

Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on 1970, in Ohio during Nixon’s presidency

Students were rioting due to to Vietnam war moving to Cambodia

Langston Hughes

Famous African American Poet birthed from the Harlem Renaissance

Liberals

Political ideology characterized by individual freedoms and federal government power

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* **Baby Boomers (rebellion)**
* **Social change 20s +30s = women's mov (classical lib + Progressive movement**
* **Cold War = want protection but want to move forward**
* **60s + 70s = counterculture**
* **CRM=rights to be the same as others**
* **Great Society -> political open mindedness**

Lusitania

British Passenger bot that was sunk by a German U-Boat; American passengers were on it, so Germany appeased them withSussex Pledge

Lyndon B. Johnson

36th President of the United States (1963-1969)

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* **Great Society**
* **Civil Rights Act of 1964**
* **14th Amendment**
* **Immigration Act of 1965**
* **Tet Offensive** 
* **Gulf of Tonkin Resolution**

Maine

The ship that journalists accused of being blown up by Spain

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* **Motivated US to go to war with Spain**
* **“Remember the _____ and to hell with Spain!”**

Marshall Plan

Truman’s way of stopping the spread of communism

US would give money to recovering European countries so that they could rebuild without turning communist

Martin Luther King Jr.

Prominent non-violent civil rights leader who was assassinated in 1968

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* **Gave famous speech at Lincoln Memorial**
* **Participated in March on Washington**

McKinley Tariff

Giant Tariff increase during Harrison’s presidency

Muckrakers

Reporters during the progressive era that would expose political and economic corruption or depravity

Served to help businessmen, screwed over customers

Mugwumps

Republicans who supported the Democratic candidate (Grover Cleaveland) during the 1884 Election and were reformers since then

Ida Tarbell, Sinclair, etc

Neutrality Acts

After WWI created to try to limit US involvement in future wars

New Deal

Passed by FDR in an attempt to fix the Great Depression- Relief, Recovery, and Reform

New Immigrants

refers to the immigrants who came to the United States primarily after the 1890s, mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe. They were often poor, uneducated, and members of non-Protestant religions, such as Catholicism and Judaism.

Old Immigrants

refers to the immigrants who came to the United States primarily before the 1890s, mostly from Northern and Western Europe. They were largely Protestant, and included many Irish and German immigrants.

OPEC

An economic organization mostly consisting of Arabic nations that controls the price of oil and the distribution and creation of oil (gives us some trouble)

Plessy v Ferguson

court case that established the precedent “separate but equal” and allowed for the legal expansion of segregation in America

Populists

late 19th century movement that wanted to improve conditions for farmers

Progressivism

A political movement favoring reform; wanted to improve social problems, reform government, and regulate business (Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson)

Red Scare

A nationwide hysterical fear of communism extending to socialists, anarchists, and other similar groups that swept the country, first in 1917-1920 and again in the 1950s

Roe v Wade

court case that legalized abortion in the US (the court recognized for the first time that the constitutional right to privacy “is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy)

Ronald Reagan

40th president, who led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government; some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies

Rough Riders

The first US volunteer cavalry under Teddy Roosevelt that fought in Cuba during the Spanish American War

Sandra Day O’Connor

The first female Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by Ronald Reagan

Scalawags

Derogatory terms to describe Southern whites that supported Reconstruction

Scopes Trial

Trial that made it legal to teach evolution in school marked the decline of fundamentalism

Sherman Antitrust Act

Regulated big business that reflected a growing concern by the American public that the growth of monopolies were detrimental to citizens and the free market system

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in the political and economic world; basically, the rich deserve to be rich and the poor deserve to be poor

Soviet Union

Communist nation that consisted of Russia and 14 other states that was created during WWI and was our main enemy in the Cold War

Susan B. Anthony

One of the most visible leaders of the Women’s suffrage movement alongside Elizabeth Lady Stanton; President of the Women’s Suffrage Association

T.V.A.

New Deal agency that brought electricity and agricultural and industrial development to rural areas in the Tennessee Valley during the Great Depression

Teapot Dome

Bribery scandal during Harding’s presidency involving one of his secretaries accepting large amounts of money from private oil companies in exchange for control over government oil reserves; ruined harding’s legacy

Tet Offensive

Coordinated attack on American and South Vietnamese troops in 1968 by Viet Cong and North Vietnam that weakened US public support of the Vietnam War

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad stretching across the US that revolutionized travel and more easily connected the east to the west

U-2 incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union; The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially; The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States