Lab Exam 2

sutures

interlocking jagged edges of uniting bone, held by fibrous connective tissue

syndesmoses

bones united by bands of dense fibrous connective tissue, slight movement

fibrous synarthroses

sutures and syndesmoses

cartilaginous joints

symphyses and synchondroses

symphyses

articulated by disk of fibrocartilage, allow slight movement (pubic symphysis, vertebrae)

synchondrosis

separated by hyaline cartilage, permits slight bending but some ossify during life (epiphysis, costal cartilage)

synovial joint

contain synovial membranes which secrete slippery synovial fluid (hyaluronic acid), reduces direct bone to bone contact, have discs of fibrocartilage helps reduce stress on joints, ends of bones are covered in articular cartilage (hyaline), surrounded by fibrous joint capsule

monaxial

movement of joint in one plane, elbow joint

biaxial

movement of joint in two planes, saddle joint in thumb

multiaxial

movement of joint in 2+ planes, shoulder (glenohumeral joint), hip

gliding joint

facing bone surfaces are flat, ligaments and tendons prevent most type movements, intertarsal, intercarpal

ellipsoidal joint

biaxial, oval depression in one bone accepts oval shaped condyle of another bone, mainly flexion-extension, metacarpals and phalanges, atlanto-occipital joint

hinge joint

concave surface of one joint accepts convex surface of another, only move in one plane, elbow, knee, phalangeal joints

pivot joints

monaxial, rounded process of one bone fits into shallow depression of another bone and rotates along long axis, pronation and supination

saddle joint

convex surface fits into concavity, medial/lateral, anterior, and posterior, thumb joint

ball and socket joint

true multiaxial joint w/ ball like head that fits into socket-like depression in another bone, circumduction, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, elbow

PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)

LCL (fibular/lateral collateral ligament)

MCL (tibial/medial collateral ligament)

ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)

medial meniscus

lateral meniscus

coracoacromial ligament

coracohumeral ligament

glenohumeral ligaments

transverse humeral ligament

glenoid labrum

anular ligament

radial collateral ligament

anular ligament

ulnar collateral ligament

iliofemoral ligament

ischiofemoral ligament

iliofemoral ligament

ischiofemoral ligament

tendon

connect bone and muscle

synergist

group of muscles that work together

prime mover

muscle that completes main action in group

antagonist

muscles that work in opposition to one another

orbicularis oris

closes and protracts the lips

orbicularis oculi

closes the eyelids and assists in pumping the tears from the eye into the nasolacrimal duct system

zygomaticus

pull the angle of the mouth superolaterally

epicranius frontalis

elevate the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead skin with its frontal part, and to retract the scalp with its occipital part

platysma

drawing the skin around the lower part of your mouth down or out

temporalis

closing the mouth and retraction

masseter

responsible for the action of mastication

sternocleidomastoid

O: manubrium of sternum and clavicle

I: mastoid process of temporal bone

F: Rotation of the head to the opposite side or obliquely rotate the head

splenius capitis

assists in supporting the head in the erect position

semispinalis capitis

the lateral rotation of the neck, the lateral flexion of the neck, and the extension of the neck

trapezius

O: the occipital bone, the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of T01–T12

I: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

F:stabilize and move the scapula

levator scapulae

O: transverse process of cervical vertebrae 1 to 4

I: superior part of medial border of scapula

F: elevate the scapulae

rhomboids

O: the ligamentum nuchae and C7 and T1 vertebra

I: scapula's medial border

F: retract, elevate and rotate the scapula

erector spinae group

O: the lumbar and lower thoracic regions of the body

I: the upper thoracic and cervical regions of the body

F: straighten the back and provide for side-to-side rotation

pectoralis major

O: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle, anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages

I: intertubercular groove of humerus

F: arm adduction, medial rotation, flextion, extension

pectoralis minor

O: third to fifth

I: coracoid process

F: stabilization, depression, abduction or protraction, internal rotation and downward rotation of the scapula

antagonist to abdominal muscles

erector spinae group

rectus abdominis

O: pubic symphysis, pubic crest

I: xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

F: anterior trunk flection

external obliques

O: external surfaces of ribs 5-12

I: linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior half of iliac crest

F: flexes the trunk, assists expiration by depressing the ribs,

internal obliques

O: inguinal ligament, Iliac crest

I: linea alba, pectineal line of pubis, and ribs 10-12

F: flexes the trunk

supraspinatus

O: supraspinous fossa

I: greater tubercle

F: abduction of arm, stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid cavity

infraspinatus

O: infraspinous fossa

I: greater tubercle of humerus

F: arm external rotation, stabilizes humeral head in glenoid cavity

teres minor

O: lateral border of scapula

I: greater tubercle humerus

F: arm external rotation, arm adduction, stabilizes humeral head in glenoid cavity

subscapularis

O: subscapular fossa

I: lesser tubercle

F: arm internal rotation, stabilizes humeral head in glenoid cavity

deltoid

O: lateral 1/3 of Clavicle, Acromion, Spine of Scapula

I: deltoid tuberosity

F: flexion and internal rotation of the arm, abduction of the arm, extension and external rotation of the arm

biceps brachii

O: coracoid process , supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

I: radial tuberosity

F: flexion and supination of the forearm at the elbow joint, weak flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

triceps brachii

O: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, posterior surface of the humerus, posterior surface of the humerus

I: olecranon of ulna

F: extension of the forearm, extension and adduction of the arm

medial epicondyle of humerus

forearm flexors origin

lateral epicondyle of humerus

forearm extensor origin

flexor carpi radialis

flexor carpi ulnaris

flexor digitorum superficialis

flexor digitorum profundus

extensor digitorum communis

extensor carpi radialis longus

extensor carpi ulnaris

iliopsoas

major flexor of hip joint

gluteus maximus

O: gluteal surface of ilium

I: gluteal tuberosity

F: extension, external rotation, abduction and adduction of the thigh

ulna

pinky side

radius

thumb side

rectus femoris

O: the anterior inferior iliac spine and the other from the ridge of the acetabulum

I: quad tendon at patella

F: only muscle of the quadriceps to cross both the hip and knee joints; flexes the thigh at the hip joint, and extends at the knee joint

sartorius

O: ASIS

I: tibia

F: flexes hip and knee while laterally rotating leg

vastus lateralis

O: femur

I: QT (quad tendon)

F: stabilize knee joint

vastus medialis

O: top of femur

I: QT

F: stabilize knee joint

vastus intermedius

under rectus femoris

F: stabilize knee joint

adductor longus

I: Middle third of linea aspera of femur

F: adduct the thigh at the hip joint

adductor magnus

I: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur

F: dynamic stabilizer of the pelvis and femur as well as a prime mover of the femur into adduction

gracilis

I: inserts on the medial tibia

F: hip adduction, knee flexion, and knee internal rotation

gluteus medius

antagonists to adductor group

tensor fascia latae

O: anterior superior iliac spine

I: lateral condyle of tibia

F: thigh internal rotation, weak abduction, external rotation, weak flection and extension, stabilizes hip & knee joints

gluteus medius

O: gluteal surface of ilium

I: greater trochanter

F: abductor

gluteus minimus

O: gluteal surface of ilium

I: greater trochanter

F: abductor

biceps femoris

O: ischial tuberosity

I: tibia and fibula

F: movement at both the hip joint and knee joint

semimembranosus

O: ischial tuberosity

I: tibia

F: flexion and internal rotation of the knee joint

semitendinosus

O: ischial tuberosity

I: tibia

F: extend at the hip and flex at the knee

gastrocnemius

O: femoral condyles

I: achilles tendon

F: plantar flexor

soleus

O: head of fibula

I: posterior surface of calcaneu

F: plantar flexors

tibialis anterior

F: dorsiflexes the foot at the talocrural joint and inverts it at the subtalar joint

extensor digitorum

F: extend the foot at the ankle, along with the four smallest toes

fibularis longus

I: medial cuneiform bone

F: produce the plantarflexion and eversion of the foot on the ankle joint

fibularis brevis

I: tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal bone

F: plantar flexion and eversion